北欧贸易区成型溯源——中世纪大宗贸易视角

A Traceability to the Forming of Northern Europe Trade Area: From the Perspective of Medieval Bulk Commodities Trade

中世纪盛期欧洲社会的物质积累激发了商品交换活力,引发了"领主-农民"二元结构和庄园经济解体。"黑死病"后社会经济结构再调整,物质积累和消费水平复增,市场交换成为常态,国际市场体系得以优化重组,北欧地区出现了以自然禀赋为基础的地理分工,确立了大宗贸易的内容和运行体系。14、15世纪专职贸易的汉萨商人建构起一个东起俄国、西至葡萄牙,北抵冰岛,南达意大利的贸易帝国,标志北欧贸易区初成。尼德兰和英格兰依靠强大的国民经济体系,又以港口集散贸易取代汉萨同盟的转运贸易,先后主宰北欧贸易区,最终发展成现代贸易强国。经济体、贸易模式与贸易区间的深层关联对于积极谋求从生产大国向生产强国转变的中国具有启发意义——打造国家品牌,建构"一带一路"的国际战略是参与或主导全球贸易的有效尝试。

In the high Middle Ages,the accumulation of material in European society stimulated the exchange of goods,leading to disintegration of＂Landlords-Peasants＂structure and manor economy. After the＂Black Death＂,the social and economic structures of Europe had been adjusted,material accumulation and consumption levels recovered and increased,the market exchange had become normal,and the international market system got to optimize and reorganize.The Nordic Region had developed a geographical division which based on natural endowment,and established the content and operation ways of bulk commodities trade. In the 14 th and 15 th centuries,the Hanseatics who were professional businessmen had bulk a trade empire,that eastern to Russia,western to Portugal,northern to Iceland,and southern to Italy,marked the forming of the Northern European Trade Area. Netherland Republic and England Kingdom created a kind of Port Distribution Trade that relied on a powerful national economy and replaced the transshipment trade of Hanseatic,and ultimately developed into modern trade powers. The close connection among economy,trade model and trade area is enlightening to China,which is actively seeking to transform from a manufacturing country to a productive power. Now we try to forge the national strategic brands and international strategies of ＂Belt and Road＂that are both the effective attempts of participating in or dominating global trade.