动物遗传育种学科百年发展历程与研究前沿

The Centennial Development History and Research Frontiers of Animal Genetics and Breeding

经过上万年的野生物种驯化、自然选择和人工选择,世界各国逐渐形成了现有的家养动物品种。伴随着遗传学理论的发现和逐步完善,动物常规育种技术从一般的表型选择发展到利用BLUP方法进行育种值估计,在近五十年为畜禽遗传改良做出了巨大贡献。20世纪80年代,各种分子遗传标记的逐步问世和现代生物技术的迅速发展为动物遗传育种工作的研究和改良提供了新的途径和方法。DNA、RNA、蛋白质等各种组学信息的整合研究,不但为动物重要经济性状功能基因挖掘、分子遗传机制解析带来新的契机,并且使得动物育种从传统育种时代真正迈入分子育种时代。近年来,世界动物育种工作在分子数量遗传学、功能基因组学、分子育种技术等方面都取得了显著进展。

After the domestication of wild species, natural selection and artificial selection over the past tenthousand years, the existing domestic animal species had been gradually formed. With the discovery andgradual improvement of genetic theory, conventional breeding techniques developed from the phenotypicselection to breeding value estimation using BLUP method, and have made great contribution to the geneticimprovement of livestock and poultry in the past fifty years. In the1980 s, the discovery of various moleculargenetic markers and the rapid development of modern biotechnology provide new approaches and methods forthe study and improvement of animal genetics and breeding. So far, the integration of DNA, RNA, protein andother omics information not only brings new opportunities for functional gene identification and moleculargenetic mechanisms analysis of animal important economic traits, but also makes animal breeding enter the eraof molecular breeding from the traditional breeding era. Great progress has been achieved in molecularquantitative genetics, functional genomics and molecular breeding technology in recent years.