中国小麦产业发展与科技进步

Wheat Production and Technology Improvement in China

文章总结分析了新中国成立以来中国小麦生产发展和品种选育与栽培技术研究的历史进程。小麦生产发展分为4个阶段,即1949—1957年恢复性增长、1958—1978年稳定增长、1979—1999年单产快速增长和2000—2016年产量质量同步提升。简要介绍了1949年前的育种起步历史,1950年以后小麦育种取得了巨大进展,经历了抗病稳产早熟、矮化抗倒高产和高产优质高效3个阶段,矮秆基因和1B/1R易位系利用与株型改良起到关键作用,育成了碧蚂1号、泰山4号、扬麦158、豫麦21、济麦22等突破性品种,主产麦区经历了8~9次品种更新换代。黄淮麦区的矮秆高产育种和长江中下游麦区的抗赤霉病育种在国际上产生重要影响。概括了种质资源、远缘杂交、矮败小麦、品质改良、兼抗型成株抗性育种、基因组学等领域的新进展。小麦栽培研究经历了4个阶段,20世纪50年代以合理密植为核心,20世纪六七十年代重点研究不同麦区小麦生长发育规律与高产栽培历程,20世纪80年代提出了各主要麦区栽培技术模式包括精播高产、节水高产等技术,20世纪90年代以优质和信息技术应用为主。未来产业发展面临提升质量、降低成本和保护环境三大挑战,气候变化、病害加重、缺乏优质高效抗病品种制约生产发展,建议加强优质抗病高效品种选育与新技术应用研究,实现栽培研究与植保、土肥、农机等有机结合,以全面提高小麦产业的竞争力。

The objective of this paper is to review the progress of wheat production, breeding, and cropmanagement in China from establishment of the People＇s Republic of China in 1949 to present. Wheatproduction can be divided into four periods, recovery period from 1949 to 1957, stable increase from 1958 to1978, rapid increase from 1979 to 1999, and synchronized improvement of yield and quality from 2000 topresent. A brief summary was made in breeding activities before 1949. Significant progress was achieved invarietal development, and three periods were recognized, i.e., improving disease resistance, reducing plantheight and increasing yield potential, and improvement of yield, processing quality, and resource useefficiency. Utilization of dwarfing genes such as Rht1, Rht 2, Rht 8, and Rht 24, as well as 1 B/1 R translocation has made significant contributions to wheat improvement. Milestone varieties such as Bima 1, Taishan 4,Yangmai 158, Yumai 21, and Jinmai 22 have promoted 8-9 times varietal replacements. Progress in yieldimprovement in the Yellow and Huai Valley and improvement for scab resistance in the Yangtze Region areinternationally recognized. Other aspects include genetic resource collection, wide cross, utilization of Ms 2 gene, quality improvement, adult plant resistance based on minor genes, and genomics. Four stages inimproving crop management are observed, i.e., management of planting density in 1950 s, characterization ofwheat developmental stages and application in increasing yield performance in various regions in 1960 s and1970 s, establishment of crop cultivation models in various regions in 1980 s, and improvement of processingquality and application of information technology in 1990 s. Major challenges for wheat production in China inthe future include improving quality, reducing production costs, and protecting environment, while the majorconstrains are climate changes, increased occurrence of diseases, and needs of better varieties. Researchpriorities in the future include development of milestone varieties through application of new technologies,integration of crop management with plant protection, soil science, and machinery application.