上博简《曹沫之陈》中的“交地”小考——兼论西周至春秋时期诸侯国的疆界形态

The Textual Research of ‘Jiaodi(交地)' in Caomozhichen(曹沫之陈)from Bamboo Slips in Shanghai Museum:Discussing Boundary Shapes of Vassal States from the Western Zhou Dynasty to Spring and Autumn Period

《上海博物馆藏战国楚竹书》(四)收入一篇定名为《曹沫之陈》的古兵书,主要内容为春秋初期鲁庄公与曹沫之间关于对阵用兵之法的问对,其中涉及"交地"一词。此"交地"与《孙子·九地》中的"交地"为一。"交地"本为西周封邦建国时预留在各国封疆之间的"空白"地,法理上属于周天子。平时各诸侯国可以通过"交地"进行交通往来,但却不能任意占有。春秋时期,周王对诸侯国的约束力下降,先王之制失效,列国争相扩张,蚕食土地,"交地"不仅是列国争夺的对象,同时也是各国之间的缓冲地带。"交地"在本质上和传世先秦文献中的"间地"、"郤地"或"隙地"并无二致,只是在不同语境下的称谓差异而已。因此,春秋时期列国之间的疆界并非都是错壤而处,封疆之间也存在着"间"、"隙"、"交"地这样具有一定宽度的中间区。

Caomozhichen is named as an ancient book on the art of war included in Chu slips（Forth）of Warring States period collected in Shanghai Museum.This book is mainly consisted of question and answer on approaches against the battles and of using military force between the Duke Zhuang of Lu and Cao Mo in the initial stage of Spring and Autumn Period,involved in the word‘Jiaodi＇which is the same as that in The Nine Situations of Sun-Tzu.‘Jiaodi＇was originally blank places reserved among border regions of vassal states and belonged to the King of Zhou in law when Western Zhou divided states with enfeoffment.Vassal states could usually make transportation and communication by‘Jiaodi＇but never occupied the places at will.During the Spring and Autumn period,due to decreasing of the Zhou King＇s constraining force for vassal states and invalidation of former kings＇ regime,the various states competed to expand and encroach on land so that‘Jiaodi＇not only became the object contended,but also as buffer zone among different states.‘Jiaodi＇is essentially consistent with‘Jiandi（间地）＇,‘Xidi（郤地）＇or‘Xidi（隙地）＇in literatures of the pre-Qin dynasty handed down,merely they are various appellations In different contexts.So the boundary among the various states was not all next to each other in Spring and Autumn period,and there existed such intermediate zone with certain width as‘Jian＇,‘Xi＇or‘Jiao＇between border regions enfeoffed.