清末新政改革四论

Four Points on the Reform of the New Deal in the Late Qing Dynasty

清末新政是在外力催化下实施的一次社会变革,促成了晚清政制由传统走向近代的内在转型。新政的推行步骤,从预备立宪正式出台、化除满汉隔阂之努力,再到1908年前后的立法实践和改革努力,足以对新政的价值做出肯定的评价。与其说新政是一场假改革、反改革误国导致清廷加速灭亡之步骤,毋宁说地方势力的坐大离心误国作用更巨。晚清特别是同治之后地方势力的迅速崛起,央地关系的微妙变动,新兴权势在改革设计的制度化过程中成为难以控制的政治力量,致使内部呈现崩溃之势,加速了清廷的衰败与倾颓。

In the late Qing Dynasty,the reform of the New Deal was a social change under the catalysis of external forces and contributed to the internal transformation of the political system from the traditional stage to the modern one in the late Qing Dynasty.The implementation steps of the reform,from preparation for constitutional promulgation,efforts to eliminate the barriers between Manchu and Han,and then to the legislative practice and reform efforts around 1908,are enough to make a positive appraisal of the value of the New Deal.In short,not the New Deal is a fake reform or the anti-reformist mistakes led to the accelerated demise of the Qing court.Rather,the local forces took a greater role in the great centrifugal and hindered the development of the country.In the late Qing Dynasty,especially after the Tongzhi period,the rapid rise of local forces and the subtle changes in the relations between central and prefectures made the emerging power an uncontrollable political force during the institutionalization of reform and design,resulting in an internal collapse and accelerating the decline of the Qing court.