传统村落风貌特征的物质要素及构成方式解析--以浙江省黄岩区屿头乡沙滩村为例

Analysis on Material Elements and Composition of Traditional Village Style: A Case Study on Shatan Village of Huangyan District

传统村落的整体空间形态在风貌上呈现出的地方特征和审美价值受到人们广泛的关注。本文从组成传统村落风貌特征的物质要素入手,分析、归纳其类型特征,结合其构成方式加以解析。研究指出:传统村落风貌特征的物质要素由点、线、面三种状态组成,其中点状要素包括村庙/教堂、牌坊/牌楼、祠堂、戏台/钟鼓楼、古树、照壁,以及桥梁、水岸埠头等关键要素;线状要素包括由上述点状要素所组成的主街通道、主巷通道、主要街巷两侧的建筑界面;面状要素包括村口、村内多种类型的广场、街巷交叉口空地、水塘等。上述物质要素的基本状态根据村落的自然地理地貌特征、生活习惯、民俗文化乃至宗教信仰,形成了"点源结构、线型结构、网状结构"三种主要构成方式,成为担负起传统村落日常生活的经济功能、社会功能、文化功能的物质支撑。文章结合浙江省黄岩区屿头乡沙滩村进行案例分析,以期对深入认识我国传统村落的风貌特色、保护和利用传统村落起到借鉴作用,并对创造性转化、创新性发展我国传统村落优秀文化基因和价值有所启发。

The general features and aesthetic value of the traditional village spatial styles caught the wide attention of the public. This paper starts with the analysis of the material elements that make up the characteristics of the traditional village landscape, and then summarizes its types and characteristics as well as analyzes its composition. The study points out that the material elements of the traditional villages are composed of three states： point, line and surface. Among them, the point-like elements include temples/churches, archway/arches, ancestral halls, opera/bell towers, old trees, screen walls, bridges, waterfront quay and other key elements. The linear elements include the main street channel, the main alley channel and the building interface on both sides of the main street composed of the mentioned point elements. The planar elements include village entrance, various types of squares, open space of lane intersections, reservoirs and so on. These basic material elements form three main modes of “point structure, linear structure and net structure” according to the natural geography and geomorphology, habits, folk culture and even religious belief of villages, which become the substance foundations for economy, society and culture of traditional villages. The paper also has carried on the case analysis with the Shatan Village of Yuantou Town, which locates in Huangyan District of Zhejiang Province. The paper is expected to be of reference to in-depth understanding of the characteristics and the protection and utilization of traditional villages in our country, and is of inspiration for the creative transformation and innovative development of the excellent cultural gene and value of our traditional villages.