清初云南铜矿业的兴起

The Rise of Yunnan Copper Industry in the Early Qing Dynasty

云南是清代全国最大的铜产地,关系着国家的钱币供给与军器铸造。研究者普遍认为云南铜矿业兴起于康熙二十一年云贵蔡毓荣推出开明的矿业政策之后,但事实上这一时期矿业被地方官员私占,文献材料上呈现出的云南矿业一片萧条。康熙四十四年真相逐渐揭开后,新任云贵总督贝和诺两次题报公开了云南各大矿厂,滇省矿税陡然激增,但铜矿业税额并不突出,显示出其发展仍然有限,这是由于铜矿采冶回报率低、东川地区尚属四川管辖等原因造成的。自康熙四十四年起至雍正初年,"放本收铜"政策的实施、东川划归滇属且当地土目力量被摧毁、政府对国内铜斤的需求剧增等因素共同作用,才真正推动了云南铜矿业的兴盛。清代云南铜矿业的兴起,并非一个自发的经济过程。

Yunnan province was the largest copper producing province in the Qing Dynasty, which was related to the state's money supply and the military weapon casting. The researchers generally believe that Yunnan copper mining emerged in Emperor Kangxi 21 years(1682 A. D.) when Yungui Governor Cai Yurong launched an enlightening mining policy, but due to the fact that minings in this period were controlled by local officials, the historic document presented great depressor in the Yunnan mining industry. In Emperor Kangxi 41 years(1702 A. D.), after the truth was gradually revealed, the new Yungui Governor Bei Henuo conducted a brief survey and made public of Yunnan's major mining plants. Because of this, the mining tax in Yunnan province suddenly surged, but the copper mining taxes were not prominent, indicating that its development was still limited, which could be attributed to a low rate of return in copper mining and smelting and to the fact that Dongchuan area was still under the jurisdiction of Sichuan province. Since the emperor Kangxi 44 years(1705 A. D.) to the early period of Emperor Yongzheng(1723-1735 A. D.), the policy of "releasing the cost to collect the copper"was implemented, and after Dongchuan was incorporated into Dian(today's Yunnan) and the local governing power was destroyed, the government's increasing demand for the domestic copper and other factors promoted the prosperity of Yunnan copper industry. The rise of Yunnan copper industry in Qing Dynasty, therefore, was not a spontaneous economic process.