《四库全书总目》的易学观及其成因

On the Approach of the “General Catalogue” of the Siku quanshu to the Changes and the Cause of It

四库全书总目》的易学观,学界一般认为是尊崇汉《易》,贬抑宋《易》,与朴学《易》比较接近。实际上,《四库全书总目》强调"推天道以明人事",兼采象数与义理,对汉《易》中保存的"太卜之遗法",宋《易》中的理学《易》、史学《易》,都是基本肯定的。而对汉《易》中的禨祥之学、《易纬》之学,宋《易》中的图书之学、心性之学,则持批判的态度。而清代盛行的朴学《易》,以辨伪、辑佚、训诂之学治《易》,其实很大程度上是对《易》学史史料的钩稽、辨析与考证,在易学思想上不出象数、义理两派的藩篱,较少有突破前人的学术见解。整体而言,《四库全书总目》从"推天道以明人事"的认识出发,对《易》学象数、义理各有取舍,并不能以"扬汉抑宋"之类的说法概括。而《四库全书总目》这种易学观的形成,主要受乾隆钦定《御纂周易述义》和纪昀易学观点的影响。

For the approach of the ＂General Catalogue＂ of the Siku quanshu（Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature）is generally viewed by academic circles as valuing the Han（206 BCE-220 CE）tradition and belittling the Song（960-1279）tradition of Changes scholarship,similar to pu xue（philological studies）of the Changes.As a matter of fact,the ＂Catalogue＂ emphasizes the mode of ＂illuminating human affairs through deducing the Dao（Way）of Heaven＂ and takes both image-numerology and meanings-and-principles into account,affirming the legacy of ancient official diviners preserved in the Han tradition and the ＂principle＂ and historical evidence approaches of the Song tradition to the Changes.Nevertheless,it criticized the parts concerning prophecy and apocrypha in the Han tradition and the Tu shu（Yellow River Map and Luo River Chart）learning and heart-mind theory related to human nature in the Song tradition.The ＂Philological Studies＂ prevalent in the Qing dynasty（1644-1912）were mainly devoted to falsification,collection of lost parts of literature,and pronunci-ation of the characters based on analyses and textual research of historical documents,which did not break free of traditional image-numerology and meanings-and-principles and had few academic insights.Generally speaking,based on the mode of ＂illuminating human affairs through deducing the Dao of Heaven＂ ,the ＂Catalogue＂ selected and discarded parts of both imagenumerological and meanings-and-principles＇ points of view,which should not be summarized as ＂valuing the Han tradition and despising the Song tradition＂ of the Changes scholarship.The formation of these characteristics was mainly influenced by the Yuzhuan zhouyi shuyi（Imperial Edition of the Narration of the Meanings of the Zhou Changes）ordered and enacted by Emperor Qianlong（r.1736-1796）and Ji Yun＇s（1724-1805）vision on the Book of Changes.