幼儿园在美国的传播及其本土化研究

Research on the Diffusion and Localization of Kindergarten in the United States

幼儿园在美国是一个舶来品。19世纪50年代中期，德国幼儿园开始传入美国，引发了一场轰轰烈烈的幼儿园运动。幼儿园在美国的传播分为两条路径：一条是思想宣传路径，一条是实践推广路径。1856年巴纳德在《美国教育杂志》中刊发了《福禄培尔的幼儿～花园体系》一文，率先导入了福禄培尔的幼儿园理论。1856年秋，德国移民舒尔茨夫人在威斯康星州创办了美国第一所德语幼儿园，被看作幼儿园实践在美国的开端。二者几乎是在同一时间发生的，但前者往往被许多学者忽视或误传。19世纪末20世纪初，进步主义教育修正了福禄培尔幼儿园中的象征主义和恩物主义，实现了美国幼儿园的本土化。

In the middle of 1850 s,German kindergartens were introduced into the United States,which sparked a vigorous kindergarten movement. The introduction of the kindergarten can be divided into two paths. One is ideological publicity and the other is practical promotion. In September of 1856,Barnard published "Froebel’s System of Infant-Gardens"in the American Journal of Education,firstly importing the Froebel’s kindergarten ideas into America. In the autumn of 1856,Mrs. Schultz,a German immigrant,built the first German kindergarten in Wisconsin,which was considered as the beginning of the kindergarten practice in the United States. The two paths almost appeared at the same time,but the former was often ignored or misrepresented by researchers.In the late 19 th century and early 20th century,progressive education revised the symbolism and giftlism of Froebel’s kindergarten,and realized the localization of American kindergarten.