海南省2型糖尿病住院患者膳食调查及营养评价

Dietary Survey and Nutritional Evaluation of Inpatients with Type 2 Diabetes in Hainan Province

目的调查及评价海南省住院2型糖尿病患者的膳食营养状况,为糖尿病患者进行合理的营养干预提供科学依据。方法采用24h膳食回顾法,对2013年8月—2016年6月在该省住院的1021例2型糖尿病患者进行膳食营养调查,根据膳食调查结果结合中国居民膳食指南(2016)、中国居民平衡膳食宝塔(2016)提出的理想膳食模式及中国居民膳食营养素推荐摄入量、适宜摄入量、能量需要量对患者膳食结构及营养状况作出评价。结果调查对象每天膳食摄入量分别为谷暑类(292±55.5)g、蔬菜类(281±35.6)g、水果类(115±43.7)g、畜禽肉(151±30.5)g、水产品(66±17.5)g、蛋类(26±23.7)g、奶及奶制品(206±40.75)g(44.8%人群摄入量)、大豆及坚果(6.5±3.7)g(18.5%人群摄入量)、盐(8.8±2.5)g、油(40.1±7.7)g。谷暑类、水产品达到膳食宝塔要求;蔬菜类、水果类、蛋类、奶及奶制品、大豆及坚果摄入量均低于膳食宝塔建议值,奶及奶制品、大豆及坚果摄入量与膳食宝塔建议值有较大差距;畜禽肉、盐、油类的摄入量高于膳食宝塔建议值,尤其是畜禽肉摄入量,比宝塔建议的平均范围40~75 g高出一倍。结论住院2型糖尿病患者的膳食结构尚不合理,实际能量摄入量比需要量高,脂肪提供能量占比高,建议2型糖尿病患者调整饮食结构,增加蔬果类、奶及奶制品、大豆及坚果制品、鸡类等食物摄入量,控制油脂和盐的摄入,平衡膳食,合理营养,以达到糖尿病膳食营养治疗的目的,改善治疗效果,降低并发症风险,改善患者的生存质量,提高生存预后的目的。

Objective This paper tries to investigate and evaluate the nutritional status of the patients with type 2 diabetes in Hainan province and to provide scientific basis for the rational nutritional intervention of diabetic patients. Methods A 24 h dietary retrospec-tive method was taken, 1 021 patients with type 2 diabetes from August 2013 to June 2016 in this province hospitalized for dietary nutrition survey were selected, according to the result of dietary survey combined with Chinese residents ’ dietary guidelines（2016）,Chinese residents balanced diet pagoda（2016） has put forward the ideal dietary patterns and Chinese dietary nutrients intake recom-mendations, appropriate intake, energy requirements to the patient ’s diet and nutrition. Results The survey showed that the daily dietary intake of grain of（292±55.5）g, vegetables of（281 ±35.6）g, fruits of（115 ±43.7）g, meat and poultry of（151 ±30.5）g, aquatic products of（66±17.5）g, eggs of（26±23.7）g, milk and milk products of（206±40.75）g（44.8% of all people）, soybean and nuts（6.5±3.7）g（18.5% of all people）, salt of（8.8±2.5）g, oil of（40.1±7.7）g. The grain and aquatic products met the requirements of the dietary pagoda; Vegetables, fruits, eggs, milk and dairy products, beans and nuts intake lower than dietary pagoda suggestion value,milk and dairy products, beans and nuts intake and dietary pagoda suggested values had a large gap; The consumption of poultry, salt,and oil was higher than the recommended values of the dietary pagoda, especially livestock consumption, which was twice as high as the average range of 40 to 75 g recommended by the pagoda. Conclusion As for the patients with type 2 diabetes, their prandial structure is not reasonable, the actual energy consumption is higher than demand, fat provides higher proportion of energy, therefore it is suggested that patients with type 2 diabetes adjust dietary structure, increase the intake of fruits and vegetables, milk and dairy products, beans and nuts products, chicken and other food, control the intake of fat and salt, balance diet, rationalize nutrition, so as to achieve the purpose of the diabetes mellitus dietary nutrition therapy, improve the treatment effect, reduce the risk of complications,improve patient’s quality of life, and improve the prognosis of survival.