靶向细胞外泌体的抗肿瘤转移研究进展及思考

Study and Strategy of Anti-tumor Metastasis Based on Extracellular Exosomes

外泌体是一种来源于细胞、直径为40-130 nm的纳米级囊泡结构,能够携带大量的蛋白质、核酸和脂质等生命信息,在细胞与细胞通讯之间发挥重要的作用。外泌体不仅在正常生理状态下具有重要的功能,在疾病状态下如肿瘤转移等过程中外泌体同样扮演着关键的角色。肿瘤转移是恶性肿瘤的主要特征,也是肿瘤复发、治疗失败和引起死亡的重要原因,因分子机制复杂,转移灶隐匿及药物难以到达等导致肿瘤转移治疗困难。本文介绍了外泌体与肿瘤转移的关系,以及从源头、功能和信号抑制等角度探讨如何利用外泌体达到治疗肿瘤转移的策略,重点介绍了外泌体作为药物载体治疗肿瘤转移的前景。随着研究的不断深入,通过靶向外泌体,有望建立器官靶向性载药系统、外泌体介导信号切断等治疗体系,将为肿瘤转移的治疗提供新的思路和方法。

An＂exosome＂is a nano-grade biological membrane structure with a diameter of 40 nm-130 nm from cell endocytosis. Exosomes, which are enriched with a subset of proteins, nucleic acid and lipids, represent an important manner for the intercellular communication and exchanging of substances. Exosomes play a critical role at the pathological state such as tumor metastasis as well as in normal physiological state. Metastasis is the main characteristics of malignant tumors. It is the leading cause of tumor recurrence, treatment failure and death. This paper reviewed the current understanding of relationship between exosomes, tumor metastasis and their potential applications as antimetastasis strategy from biosynthesis inhibition, drug delivery system construction and metastasis related signal pathway blocking based on targeting exosomes, especially introduced the future prospects of exosome as drug vehicles for metastasis treatment. With further progress in research, this kind of strategy will be beneficial to anti-tumor metastasis treatment.