论侵犯著作权罪的司法认定——以“未经著作权人许可”的司法证明问题为主线

Study on the Judicial Determination of the Crime of Copyright Infringement --The Main Line on the Judicial Proof of ＂without the permission of the copyright owner＂

在侵犯著作权罪的四种行为方式中，未经著作权人许可是其共同特征。如何有效认定未经著作权人许可，直接关系到侵犯著作权罪的司法适用。由于著作权的法定性，侵犯著作权罪的犯罪对象必须是依法受到我国著作权法保护、具备著作权的作品。如果作品不受我国著作权法保护，则不存在未经著作权人许可的问题，亦不构成侵犯著作权罪。实践中，由于涉案作品数量众多，且具备著作权的作品与不具备著作权的作品交织在一起，使得未经著作权人许可成为司法证明上的一大难题。针对这一问题，有关司法解释规定了证明责任转移的特殊认定规则．但在实践中难以推行。实践中，认定未经著作权人许可均须借助著作权集体管理组织的版权认证，缺陷很明显。现实的解决路径为：加强著作权登记备案工作，加大著作权集体管理组织参与力度，建立抽样检查制度，实施以“自诉为主、公诉为辅”的追诉方式。

In the four behavioral patterns of the crime of copyright infringement, ＂without the permission of the copyright owner＂ is the common characteristic. How to effectively identify ＂without the permission of the copyright owner＂ is directly related to the judicial application of the crime of copyright infringement. Because of the legal nature of copyright, the object of the crime of copyright infringement must be works protected by the copyright law of our country and has copyright. If the works are not protected by the copyright law of our country, there will not be the issue of ＂without the permission of the copyright owner＂ and thus does not constitute the crime of copyright infringement. In practice, due to the large number of works involved, and works with copyright and without copyright intertwined, ＂without the permission of the copyright owner＂ has become a major problem in the judicial proof. In order to solve this problem, relevant judicial interpretation stipulates special rules of transferring the burden of proof, but it is difficult to implement in practice. In practice, ＂without the permission of the copyright owner＂ must be certified by the copyright collective management organization, and the defect is obvious. Realistic solutions： To strengthen the copyright registration work, to intensify involvement by the copyright collective management organization, to establish the sample inspection system, and to adopt a mechanism of public prosecution as principle and private prosecution as supplementary.