明清实录对皇帝形象塑造之比较

Comparing the Records of the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the Image of Emperor

中国最后的两部实录《明实录》和《清实录》,对各自朝代的皇帝形象通过神化、美化、圣化、德化和仁化的手法进行了正面塑造,把他们粉饰为天命所归的神仙,长相奇伟、举止不凡的美男,天赋异禀、勤勉向学的圣人,德性崇高、孝友兼备的模范,勤政治国、爱民如子的仁君。然而,在《明实录》中,由于统治链条的断裂造成的"今上"对前帝的嫌怨,以及史臣对君主的不满,也使其部分实录在描写皇帝形象时进行了负面塑造,产生了杂音。作为少数民族政权所修的《清实录》也用掌握的手法,塑造其皇帝高大英武的正面形象。与《明实录》不同,《清实录》由于清廷急于在汉人面前树立正面光辉的形象,因此一直保持讴歌的同调;它还在神化皇帝个人形象时,连带将其民族起源一并作了神化;同时对皇帝个人武功和勇力大力宣扬,不避讳皇帝为庶出的出身,并着力描写先帝对储君的默识暗赏。明清两朝实录所产生的上述差别,实原于农耕民族与游猎民族各自特性的差异,而两朝实录对皇帝形象塑造的一致性,则又反映出明清两朝皆受到中国传统文化的深刻影响,以及清朝在史学上不断加强的汉化倾向。

China＇ s last two records Ming Shi Lu and Qing Shi Lu had been positively shaped through the methods of deification, beautification, sanctification, deification and benevolence for an image of the emperor of their respective dynasties.However, in Ming Shi Lu, due to the ruin of the chain, present emperor complained the former emperor, As well as writers dissatisfaction with the emperor, it also made some of its records national minority, Qing Shi Lu also negative depicting the image of the emperor. As wrote by shaped the emperors＇ positive image with tall and courageous. Unlike Ming Shi Lu, Qing Shi Lu had always kept the same keynote,because the Qing court eagered to establish a positive and bright image in front of the Han Chinese. Meanwhile, with the deification of the emperor＇ s personal image, it deified their national origin together, and so on.The differences of Ming Shi Lu and Qing Shi Lu were from the characteristics of farming people and hunting nationality. Records Consistency of the image of the emperor, It also reflects that both the Ming and Qing dynasties were deeply influenced by Chinese traditional culture. As well as the Qing Dynasty historically strengthened Chinese tendency.