“两面结盟”分类与大国共治逻辑——兼答周方银、王旭彤对《盟国的敌人还是盟国?》的评论

The Taxonomy of “Two-sided Alliance” and the Logic of “Co-ruling” by Great Powers:A Response to Zhou Fangyin and Wang Xutong's Critique of “Is the Enemy of My Ally also an Ally?”

"两面结盟"是现有同盟政治研究尚未予以充分关注的理论问题。在周方银、王旭彤评论的启发下,文章对同盟界定中几个容易产生混淆的问题做了进一步的澄清,将同盟的判定标准严格限定为"被要求援助方认可要求援助方提出的军事援助要求的正当性",并据此重新检验了古代朝鲜半岛国家三次"两面结盟"的存在性。为了将对"两面结盟"问题的讨论引向深入,文章以"一国与两个相互敌对国家分别结盟是否针对敌对双方"为标准,将笼统的"两面结盟"现象细化为三种具体类型,并指出古代朝鲜半岛国家的三次"两面结盟"属于其中出现最少和解释难度最大的一种类型——"内部不相容型两面结盟";并指出,《盟国》所揭示的是导致这种特定类型"两面结盟"出现的一种机制,其本质是"大国共治",古代朝鲜半岛国家的三次"两面结盟"反映的正是这种"大国共治"模式。这种基于差异化竞争的共治模式具有较强的正外部性和较弱的零和性,是一种比分治模式更为温和的大国权力竞争模式。

The"two-sided alliance"is a theoretical issue of alliance politics that has yet to be sufficiently explored.Inspired by a critique authored by Zhou Fangyin and Wang Xutong,this article provides an explication of several easily confused understandings of the definition of alliance.We define the standard for alliance determination strictly as"The party who is required by another party to provide military assistance for the latter recognizes the legitimacy of the request,"and on the basis of this definition,we revisit the existence of three cases of"two-sided alliances"on the Korean Peninsula in ancient times.In order to deepen the discussion around"two-sided alliances,"the article further classifies"two-sided alliances"generally into three distinct sub-categories by using the standard that whether the two alliances a state simultaneously forges with two mutually hostile states are against the latter two states respectively,and points out that the three"two-sided alliances"that occurred in ancient Korea belong to the third type called"internally incompatible two-sided alliance",which is the least common one and also most difficult to explain.It argues that what the previous article the authors wrote uncovers is one of the possible mechanisms that causes this specific type,which is essentially a form of"co-ruling"by great powers.The three"two-sided alliances"occurring in ancient Korea reflect this mode of"co-ruling."This mode of coruling,based on differential competition,has strong positive externalities and relatively weak effect of zero-sum game,and thus is a more moderate mode of great power competition than the mode of divided-ruling.