买卖合同的成立及其认定

Formation of Sales Contract and its Application

合同的成立要件应当包括当事人、标的和合意,标的的数量和质量均为将标的特定化的因素,而非独立于标的的要件。《法释(2012)8号》对当事人提供送货单、收货单、结算单、发票以证明买卖合同已经成立的规定,笔者基本赞同,但主张类型化和区分签收人的身份而定;对对账确认函、债权确认书等函件、凭证的证据效力的认定,笔者表示赞同。意向书、备忘录依当事人的意思可有本约、预约和无积极的法律约束力的文件三种类型,《法释(2012)8号》仅仅注意到一种,因而合同编不应一刀切地吸收该种解释,而应视意思表示的具体情形而定。本约生效后相应的预约应该功成身退。违反预约的责任在绝大多数情况下不同于违反本约的责任,但鉴于确定违反预约的损害赔偿的数额特别难以确定,在个别场合可比照违反本约的赔偿范围确定违反预约的赔偿数额。当事人不履行预约项下的义务,在某些情况下可直接判决本约成立,在多数情况下只能判决损害赔偿。

Requirement of contract formation is to include the specialized elements such as the contracting parties, subject matter, consensus and the quantities and qualities of subject mat- ter, but not the elements independent of subject matter. That the SPClnterpretation （2012） No. 8 laid down the formation of sales contract can be proved by the sending list, receipt list, settlement, invoice etc. , can be approved, but as for the receipt list it is better to distinguish it depending on the status of the receipt person. The letters such as the letter of intention and the claim confirmation may have the meaning of contract, preliminary contract and document without legal effect, because each items has different effects. And this rule should be followed by the Chinese Civil Law de lex ferenda.