新文化运动时期陈独秀“反孔非儒”的历史重探

A Re-research of Chen Duxiu's “Anti-Confucianism”During the Period of New Culture Movement: From the Perspective of the New Youth

作为新文化运动的领军人物,陈独秀对孔孟思想的评判构成了新文化运动中最具影响力和最具标志性的刊物《新青年》"反孔非儒"话语体系的主要支点。纵观新文化运动时期《新青年》所载"评孔"文章,不难发现陈独秀对孔孟思想的批判是一以贯之的,但就不同时段而言,他的态度与立场则有所变化。1916年1月~1917年8月间是其极言批孔的时间节点,锋芒所向直指"孔教运动"及"孔教"与帝制复辟的关联,而此前、此后的态度都相对平和,批孔的立意和角度也有所不同。在当时特定的时空背景下,这种"反孔非儒"有其历史必然性与正当性。在特定时间段对孔孟思想进行异常激烈而决绝地批判亦"事出有因",其中尊孔复古复辟势力逆流回潮的刺激、"语不惊人死不休"的话语传播策略以及政治高压下"为政治而文化"的情结等诸多因素,共同宰制了其"历史"的而非"逻辑"的极言批孔的事实。立足原典研究和与之相关"语境"因素的考察表明,笼而统之地评价这种"全盘反传统"抑或"感情用事"的论说都有失偏颇,惟有坚持历史唯物主义的立场与方法,方能对新文化运动时期陈独秀"反孔非儒"的问题做出合乎历史事实的客观评价。

Chen Duxiu＇s criticism on the Confucius thoughts constituted the most powerful support for the antiConfucius discourse in the journal of New Youth. A review of the related articles published in the journal during the movement,it is not difficult to find that Chen＇s criticism of Confucius thought was consistent,but in terms of different times,changes in his attitudes and positions also could be found. The period of January 1916 to August 1917 witnessed Chen＇s shift to sharp tune in his criticism of Confucius,fiercely pointed to the relation of ＂Confucian movement＂and the restoration of monarchy,while his attitude was comparatively mild before and after. In the context of the particular historical period,Chen＇s ＂anti-confucianism＂has its inevitability and legitimacy. And many other stimulations also added to his turn of attitude,for instance,the countercurrent of Confucius,the ＂astonishing language＂propaganda strategy,and the ＂culture for politics＂complex under the political pressure,and combined to dominate the truth of Chen＇s non-logical but historical criticism. Any general approach to Chen＇s criticism without the close study of the context will probably arrive at biased conclusion.