小麦条锈菌有性生殖与毒性变异的研究进展

Research advances in alternate host and sexual reproduction of wheat yellow rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Erikss. et Henn.

小麦条锈病是由条形柄锈菌小麦专化型Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici Erikss.et Henn.引起的、最具毁灭性的小麦真菌病害之一,在全世界小麦种植的国家或地区均有发生,其流行常常导致小麦严重的产量损失。利用抗病品种是防治小麦条锈病最为经济、有效的措施。然而,由于病原菌毒性变异不断产生新小种,频繁导致品种抗病性"丧失",继而引发病害流行成灾。小麦条锈菌的有性阶段过去一直未被发现,有性生殖与条锈菌变异及其在病害发生中的作用研究一直处于空白状态。近年来,随着小麦条锈菌转主寄主的发现,国内外学者开展了相关的研究工作,取得了一系列重要的研究进展。本文综述了小麦条锈病的发生症状、病菌的生物学特性、转主寄主、有性生殖与条锈菌毒性变异、转主寄主在条锈病发生中的作用、影响有性生殖发生的因素等方面的最新进展,并展望了深入开展小麦条锈菌有性生殖的研究思路。

Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Erikss. et Henn., is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of wheat and occurs in wheat-growing countries and regions all over the world. Frequent epidemics of the disease cause severe yield reduction. Utilization of resistant varieties is regarded as an economic and effective approach to management of wheat stripe rust. However, virulence variation of the pathogen leads to emergence of new mutants, making resistant varieties susceptible, which results in subsequent epidemics of wheat stripe rust. Due to unknown sexual stage of the rust, function of sexual reproduction in virulence variation of the rust and epidemics of the disease could not be investigated and thus is poorly understood. In recent years, with the discovery of alternate host of the rust, domestic and foreign scientists carried out related research in this field and made important research progresses. In the present paper, we summarized research advances in symptoms of wheat stripe rust, biological characteristics, alternate hosts, sexual reproduction and virulence variation of the rust, role of alternate hosts in occurrence of wheat stripe rust, and factors affecting occurrence of sexual reproduction of the rust, and we also give an outlook for further research on sexual reproduction of the rust in the future.