神灵与宗教:明清时期徽州与淮北民间信仰之比较

Gods and Religions:Comparisons of Folk Beliefs in Huizhou and Huaibei Area During Ming and Qing Dynasty

就安徽的行政区域来说,南部的徽州与北部的淮北,历史上的一南一北,两地的社会经济文化存在诸多迥异之处。从民间信仰来说,徽州文化与淮北文化同中有异,异大于同。徽州与淮北皆有崇尚自然神、社会神、人鬼神习俗,但徽州社会更倾向祖先崇拜和人神崇拜,渗透着浓厚的儒家思想和宗族伦理气息,这与徽州相对封闭的地理环境、厚重宗族伦理对异域思想的排斥密切相关。淮北的民间信仰则更多呈现多元化的特征,有自然神、社会神、人鬼神崇拜,特别是外来的基督教、天主教、伊斯兰教等宗教信仰都在淮北扎下根来,而祖先崇拜则较淡化,这与淮北广袤开放的地理环境、宗族观念不强、淮北人文化状况、域内外频繁的人际流动等因素很有关联。徽州与淮北历史上民间信仰的异同,反映了地方历史地理的特殊性和社会变迁的复杂性。

As far as Administrative regions are concerned in Anhui Province,Huizhou was located in the south while Huaibei was located in the north,so there were many big differences in economy and culture between them.In terms of folk beliefs,although some similarities existed,but differences were much more.For example,both areas advocated Natural God,Social God and Spiritual Trinity,but there were some big differences.People living in Huizhou society tended to advocate their ancestors and spiritual trinity more,and showed strong ethnic atmosphere of Confucianism and ancestral idea.These features were closely related to its relatively enclosed location,rejection from strong atmosphere of ancestral idea to other ideas coming from different areas.In contract to Huizhou area,in Huaibei area,folk beliefs showed diverse features.Besides natural gods,social gods,and spiritual trinity,other exotic religious beliefs were rooted deeply here.The idea of advocating ancestors seemed weaker in this area because of its vast geographical environment,weak ancestral idea,cultural condition and frequent migration.