西学东渐中的中国词章学立场——清末民初桐城后学的词章教育发微

The Position of Chinese Rhetoric in the Course of Modern “Dissemination of Western Learning in the East”:A Study of the Literary Education Promoted by the Successors of the Tongcheng School in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

以姚鼐《古文辞类纂》为代表的古文选本及其评点,是古文词章之学从传统书院教育向新式学堂教育转换的关键一环。姚选在后学者的再编、阐述、评点过程中,逐渐成为一种共享的学术资源。肩负古文传授使命的桐城后学诸人,在新的时代背景下,坚守桐城派的选本与评点之学,并将之融入新式学堂的课堂讲义之中。此类古文讲义涵盖了文体分类、文体源流、文章写作与鉴赏论等各个层面,与当时历史化叙事的文学史相比,这种本土特色的词章学讲义别具一格。尤其从文体学的角度来看,将明清以来繁琐的文体辨析、归类,回归到古文的篇章、义法、风格的文本解读,回归于"品藻义法之谈",这正是对《文心雕龙》多维度的文体论的继承和发扬。在新旧变革历程之中,桐城派后学坚持无门派而有门径,故其词章教育超出派别之囿,在清末民初的传统词章学教育中意义深远。

Yao Nai' sAnthology of Classical Prose(《 古 文 辞 类 纂》),with both its selections andcomments,is quite important in the literary study of classical writings of the time when the locationof education was moving fromshuyuan(书院)to new style schools in modern China. Through re-compilation,interpretation and comments by the successors of the Tongcheng School,Yao Nai'santhology was gradually becoming a shared academic resource. Taking it as their mission to pass onthe wealth of classical writings,the Tongcheng successors,who stick to the Tongcheng tradition ofanthologies and comments,merged that tradition into classroom materials for teaching of classicalprose in new type schools. These new materials now include literary style classification,evolution ofliterary genres,article writing and appreciation,etc. Compared with the literary history which em-phasizes on historical narration,these teaching materials celebrate Chinese characteristics.Especially from the point of view of literary genres,the method of tedious genre discrimination andclassification developed since the Ming and Qing Dynasties has been discarded,with a return to tex-tual interpretation that focuses on literary appraisal andyifa(义法). It is an inheritance and devel-opment of the multi-dimensional stylistic theories embodied inThe Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons(《文心雕龙》). In the transition from the old to the new mode of education,the successorsof the Tongcheng School insist that there be no differentiation of sects but only that of approaches,therefore the classical prose education that they advocated was able to go beyond a sense of sectari-anism,and induce a profound significance in the education of traditional literary writings in the LateQing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.