训解与践行:先秦儒家“仁学”的双重指向

Annotation and Practice:the Dual Orientation of Confucian Benevolence Theory in the Pre-Qin Period

"仁"的本义是指上古"尸"礼中对祖灵尽哀尽敬的自然心性。孔子从"仁"的"从尸"本义发展出了"仁"的第一义,即"仁爱",孟子在孔子的基础上发展出了"仁"的第二义,即心性之仁。荀子兼继孔孟,既讲仁爱,又讲心性,并且强调"仁"的差等性,突出其政治取向。尽管孔孟荀从各自的理论体系出发对"仁"进行了不同的诠释,"仁爱"这一内核却是一以贯之的。但由于三人不同的思想旨趣,"仁"的实践取向亦有所不同,这集中体现在他们对"礼"的论述上。

The original meaning of ‘‘benevolence’’ refers to an innate Xinxing in ancient Shi rite. Confucius developed the first meaning of “benevolence” from the original meaning of the ancient Shi rite. Mengzi developed the second meaning of “ benevolence”, namely Xinxing. XUN Zi concurrently inherited the doctrine of Confucius and Mencius,advocated both benevolence and Xinxing,and em- phasized the difference of “benevolence”,and highlighted its political orientation. Although Confu- cius,Mencius and XUN had different interpretation to “benevolence” based on their own theoretical system, the core of “ kindheartedness” is consistent. Because of the different ideological purport, they also had different practical orientations towards benevolence, which were embodied in their doctrines of“ theritual”.