海昏侯墓衣镜画传“野居而生孔子”考

A Study on Confucius' Birth in Reference to the Biographical Paintings on the Mirror From Haihun Marquis Mausoleum

海昏侯墓衣镜画传载孔子由其父母"野居而生",与《史记·孔子世家》所载"野合而生"有一字之差。墓主刘贺所处时代与《史记》成书年代相近,出土"孔子衣镜"所载是当时社会对孔子生平的认知。史料记载孔父叔梁纥与孔母颜氏"祷于尼丘得孔子",是为"野居而生",即居于野(郊)而非居于邑(城)而生。这是《史记》"野合"的本义。东汉以后传世典籍错误地解释为孔子父母未经婚嫁而"野外交合",或男子"婚过六十四"而不合礼法。历代儒家对此多有辩诬。对孔子出生的恶评,或由此次考古发现得以校正。

Confucius was bom at a time when his parents were living in the suburb,which was recor-ded in the biographical paintings on the unearthed mirror from the Mausoleum of Marquis Haihun. In terms of Chinese expression, there is only a minute difference with the literal meaning of what was re-corded in the Confucius Family of Historical Records by SIMA Qian, according to the records of His-torical Records, Confucius was bom after his parents＇ premarital intercourse, which was morally un-acceptable in most times of Chinese history. The owner of the mausoleum lived quite close to the time when the grand work Historical Records was accomplished by SIMA Qian. The biographical paintings on the unearthed mirror is a vivid reflection of Confucius＇ life. It was recorded that Liang He, Confu-cius farther,and Yan,his mother,prayed for a child at a hill named Ni,which just indicates that they were living in the suburb of a city,not in the city. And this is also what the Historical Records exactly means. The misinterpretation of premarital intercourse from ancient books and records since the East-ern Han Dynasty led to generations of defense from Confucianists. Hence, with this archaeological discovery,we can put an end to this malice against Confucius＇ birth. ;premarital intercourse