最低工资标准、劳动生产率差异与就业效应研究

Research on the Minimum Wage Growth,Labor Productivity Difference and Employment Effect

本研究以我国大陆31个省份2003~2014年的数据为样本,运用广义最小二乘法(FGLS)实证研究了最低工资标准对我国体制内和体制外就业人员的影响,并进一步分析了最低工资标准对不同地区、不同劳动生产率就业人员的影响。研究表明,最低工资标准的提高对就业存在一定的负向影响,其中,最低工资标准与体制内人员的就业存在较弱的正向关系,而对体制外人员的就业存在显著的负向影响。我国东、中、西部地区最低工资标准对就业的影响存在较大的差异,东部地区最低工资标准的提高对就业有显著的促进作用,而中、西部地区最低工资标准的提高对就业有显著的抑制作用,其中,西部地区的最低工资标准对就业的抑制作用较大。最低工资标准的就业效应与劳动生产率密切相关。劳动生产率较高的地区,劳动者对最低工资标准的调整较不敏感,最低工资标准的提高对低技能劳动者的就业有轻微的促进作用;劳动生产率较低的地区,劳动者对最低工资标准的调整较为敏感,最低工资标准的提高对低技能劳动者的就业有显著的抑制作用。因此,建议各级政府在制定和调整最低工资标准政策时,应重点调研本地区低技能劳动者的劳动生产率,并综合考虑本地区的经济发展水平、产业结构、劳动力市场状况等因素,以保证最低工资标准与本地区的劳动生产率相适应。

With the 2003--2014 data of China＇s 31 provinces as the sample, the paper uses generalized least squares method （FGLS） to make an empirical study of the influence of the minimum wage on China＇ intrasystem and extrasystem employment. It further analyzes the impact of the minimum wage on the employment in different regions and of different labor productivity. The research shows that the minimum wage increase has some negative effects on employment, among which the minimum wage standard has a weak positive relationship with intrasystem employment but a significant negative impact on extrasystem employment. The influence of the minimum wage on employment is very different in the east, mid- dle and west regions of China. The improvement of the minimum wage standard in the east- ern region has a significant role in promoting employment, while the minimum wage increase in the middle and western regions has significant inhibitory effect on employment, which is especially prominent in the western region. The employment effect of the minimum wage standard is closely related to labor productivity. In areas with higher net labor produc- tivity, workers are less sensitive to the adjustment of the minimum wage, which slightly improves employment, and in areas with lower net labor productivity, workers are more sensitive to the adjustment of the minimum wage, which significantly checks employment. Therefore, this article suggests that in formulating and adjusting the minimum wage policy, government at all levels should mainly investigate the labor productivity of low skilled workers in the region, and comprehensively consider the regional economic develop- ment level, industrial structure, labor market conditions and other factors, to ensure that the minimum wage standard is compatible with the local labor productivity.