论民事裁判中的法官造法

Judge-Made Law in China's Civil Judgment

为填补法律漏洞而创设规则的法官造法在我国民事审判领域普遍存在。常态的法官造法具有促进司法公正等积极作用,异化的法官造法则危害司法公正。真正的危险不是源自法官造法本身,而是来自不受约束的法官造法。有必要从法律制度上规范法官造法行为。必须同时满足以下两个条件,法官始得创设规则:(1)为填补制定法漏洞所必须;(2)类推适用、目的性扩张或目的性限缩等方式不足以填补法律漏洞。并且法官负有参照公认学说和指导案例进行说明论证的义务。同时,法官造法应以民法基本原则为依据,且不得违反民法的体系性要求。

Judge-made law is frequently applied in judicial practice of civil law. Common judge-made law promotes justice and alienated judge-made law does the contrary. The real danger of judge-made law is not from the law itself, but from unchecked judge-made law. It follows therefore, that judge-made law is specified legally. Only when these two premises are satisfied simultaneously can the judge make a law： （1） when it is necessary to fill the gaps of statute law; （2） when such means as application by analogy, intentional expansion, or intentional limiting are insufficient to fill up the legal loophole. In making a law, the judge shall be in duty to illustrate and demonstrate the law by reference to accepted theories and guiding cases. Besides, the judge shall be subject to the basic principles and systematic consistency of civil law.