我国食品安全惩罚性赔偿立法的反思与完善——以经济法义务民事化归责的制度困境为视角

Rethinking on Legislation of Food Safety Punitive Damages and It's Improvement

我国各地法院在适用《食品安全法》第148条规定的惩罚性赔偿条款时,出现了诸多事实认定和法律适用方面的争议。由此暴露了我国食品安全惩罚性赔偿立法存在错误、文义不清、功能定位失准之弊,且与侵权责任法等周边制度协调不畅。从根本上讲,这是保障经济法义务履行时对民事责任机制过度依赖所致。所以,应将其立法目标矫正到改善经营行为上,改正司法解释中关于知假买假的立法错误,将入责所违反的安全标准限定于国家强制性标准,明确"损失"、销售者"明知"、标签和说明书影响安全的含义和认定标准,依比例原则将惩罚性赔偿改造为可弹性适用的规则,创新有利于将惩罚性赔偿制度压力扩及所有类型经营者的程序规则。

Abstract：Tilere are arguments on factual affairs and applying method between our country＇s courts when they apply the article 148 of 〈 Food Safe Law 〉 , the practice told that mistakes, Ambiguity, misalignment has puzzled the legislation of food safety punitive damages, it＇s also in contradiction with related rules such as the tort law. Basically, we rely on civil responsibility mechanism too much when we make the economical legal liability to be carried out. Therefore, we should focus on improving commercial action, and correct the legal mistakes about buying fake on purpose. At the same time, we＇d better define the safety standard to be compulsory ones, and clear what＇s the meaning and how to affirm the scope of damages, seller＇s intention, actual effect on food safety result from label and instruction. At last, it＇s appreciated that the punitive damages regulation would be changed to be flexible rule, and the procedural rule should be innovated accordingly in order to affect all businessmen by punitive damages.