WTO国家安全例外视角下的网络安全

Cybersecurity under the Perspective of Exception to National Security of WTO

网络安全属于国家安全,应属于WTO国家安全范畴。在满足相应条件的情形下,网络安全可构成限制贸易的国家安全例外。当网络战的规模和后果达到一定程度,其有可能造成GATT1994第21(b)(iii)条的"战时或国际关系中的其他紧急情况"的情势。在此种极端情形下,被攻击国为了维护国家安全可以实施贸易限制措施,但必须符合"必需性测试"的要求。一国在和平时期受到网络攻击一般难以主张WTO国家安全例外实施贸易限制。WTO国家安全例外条款能为一国的网络安全审查制度提供的依据仅限于拒绝披露特定信息,但被诉方还必须充分论证网络安全审查是为了国家安全目标。

Cybersecurity is part of national security,and should belong to the scope of national se-curity of WTO. When meeting corresponding conditions, cybersecurity can constitute the national secu-rity exception to restrict trade. When the scale and implications of cyber warfare reach a certain ex-tent, it may cause the situation of"in time of war or other emergency in international relations"ofarticle 21(b)(iii) of the GATT1994. In such extreme cases, the attacked state may impose trade re-strictions in order to maintain national security, but the restrictions must meet the requirements ofthe"necessity test". It's difficult for an attacked state in peacetime to invoke WTO security excep-tion to impose trade restrictions. The basis that the WTO national security exception clause can pro-vide for a state's cybersecurity review measures is limited to refusing to disclose specific information.However, the defendant must also fully demonstrate that the cybersecurity review is for the purposeof national security.