日本水稻生产成本的变动趋势及持续降低的调整方向:规模扩大与技术创新

Trend of rice production costs and the adjustment directions for continuous reduction in Japan:scale enlargement and technological innovations

当前,日本政府决定提升农业竞争力,以提振复苏乏力的国民经济。作为最主要的粮食作物,水稻生产政策正由限产保护转向大力提高产量和效率、积极开拓国际市场。同时,水稻生产成本的高位运行势必制约其市场竞争力。2013年,政府提出了10年内使全国80%耕地向农业经营骨干集中、水稻生产成本降低40%的目标。本文定量分析了日本水稻生产成本的主要构成和发展趋势、经营规模扩大对降低生产成本的影响,总结了促进农业经营规模扩大的政策措施。结合相关课题研究成果,从稻田改良、施肥、育种栽培和信息技术应用等方面,介绍了在大规模农场依靠技术创新降低水稻生产成本的主要实践。分析结果表明,通过扩大水稻经营规模能够显著降低生产成本,同时其效果也在达到一定规模后而逐渐缩小。大规模农场的实践证明,技术创新成果的应用对降低生产成本效果显著。农户水稻经营规模较小,存在依靠规模效益降低生产成本的较大空间,同时还要积极进行技术和管理的创新。最后,借鉴日本经验降低中国农产品生产成本提出了对策建议。

The Japanese government has decided to enhance the agricultural competitiveness,to boost the recovery of national economy.As the most important food crop,rice is undergoing apolicy change from acreage reduc-tion to high production and efficiency.Meanwhile,the high production costs undoubtedly restricts its market competitiveness.In 2013,the government proposed a 10-year target of concentrating 80% of the arable land to the key farmers,and hereby reducing rice production costs by 40%.This paper quantitatively investigated the composition and variation of rice production costs in Japan,effect of enlarged scales,and the policies to enlarge farming scales.It summarized the practices of reducing rice production costs by adopting technological innovations in large-scale farms,including paddy field improvement,fertilization,breeding and cultivation,and information communication technology application.The results showed that scale enlargement significantly reduced the production costs,and the effect was narrowing after certain scale.Technological innovations significantly reduced the production costs.The production costs can be further reduced due to the small average scale,and the actively technical innovations.Finally,referring to the Japanese experiences,this paper offered suggestions to reduce agricultural production costs in China.