俄国1866年国家农民改革法令论析

The Study on the Decree of the Russia's Sate Peasants in 1866

国家农民是1861年俄国农奴制改革中三类主要农民之一,与皇室农民和地主农民的主要区别是拥有人身权。1866年国家农民改革是1861年农民改革的延续和扩展,是将1861年2月19日法令推行到国家农村的具体实践。国家农民改革法令的出台并不顺利,是各派考量地主农民改革经验和国家农民现实后做出的稳妥选择。改革法令推行使国家农民土地保障程度降低而赋役负担依旧,改革前拥有人身权的相对优势没能扭转改革后与地主农民同样的命运。从国家农民改革的目标、改革法令的拟定、法令规定与法令落实等维度来看,这一结果在所难免。

The state peasants were one of three major peasants during the Emancipation of Russian Serfs in 1861, and its main difference from the peasants of royal family and the landlords＇ peasants was the personal rights. The reform o f the state peasants in 1866 was a continuation and expansion of the reform of Russian Serfdom in 1861, and it was the practice that pushed the decrees on February 19th, 1861 to the rural areas, which controlled by the government. But the decrees of the reform in 1866 was not introduced smoothly, for it was only a safe and secure choice after the discussion between the different factions in accordance with the reform ex-perience of the landlords ＊ peasants and the reality of the state peasants. Yet the exercise of the reform law resulted in the drop of land insurance for the state peasants, and their burden of taxation remained as before. The personal rights, as an advantageous factor before the reform, failed to change the fact that the state peasants didn＇ t turn the same fate as the landlords＇ peasants after the reform. The result was unavoidable in li^it with the purposes of the state peasants＇ reform, the drafting of the reform decree, the decree content and its implementation.