冷战与黑人民权改革:国际史视野下的布朗案判决

The Cold War and African-American Civil Rights Reform:The Decision of Brown v.Board of Education from the Perspective of International History

第二次世界大战结束后,美国国际角色定位的转变、美苏冷战的展开、第三世界国家的兴起、国际社会对人权保护的日益重视以及美国黑人争取民权的国际转向,促使美国的种族问题日趋国际化。为了维护国家形象和"世界领袖"地位,并努力把第三世界国家争取到资本主义阵营一边,美国政府不得不重视保障黑人权利。在布朗案等系列黑人民权诉讼案中,司法部代表美国政府以"法庭之友"身份提交书面陈述,从美国外交和国家利益的角度要求废除种族隔离制度。在布朗案中,最高法院在多个方面受到国际因素的影响,从而最终作出了推翻"隔离但平等"原则的判决。美国充分利用这一判决结果和有利的国际舆论,改善国家形象,提升国家声誉。美国政府对布朗案判决的政治利用取得了一定效果,而国际舆论也进一步推动了美国的黑人民权改革。

After WWII,the racial issue in America became increasingly internationalized due to America's changing international role,the Cold War,the rise of third world states,the importance attached to human rights protection by the international community and the international turn of African Americans' fight for civil rights.In order to safeguard its national image and "world leadership,"and strive to win third world countries over to the capitalist camp,the US government had no choice but to take protection of African Americans' rights seriously.In a series of black civil rights cases such as Brown v.Board of Education,the Department of Justice,as"a friend of the court,"submitted a written statement on behalf of the US government demanding the abolition of segregation couched in terms of US foreign relations and the national interest.In Brown v.Board of Education,the Supreme Court ultimately handed down a decision overturning the principle of"separate but equal,"a decision affected in many respects by international factors.The US government made the most of this result and the ensuing favorable international opinion to improve its national image and reputation.Its political use of the Brown v.Board of Education decision helped the US government gain some results,and international public opinion in turn became a driver of African-American civil rights reform.