东北地区农牧系统氮、磷养分流动特征

Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrient Flow in Farming and Animal Husbandry System in Northeast China

【目的】东北地区是中国重要的商品粮基地及畜牧产品生产地,农牧产品大量生产影响养分流动的趋势,而不同地区的养分流动又存在一定差异,明确不同地区农牧系统养分流动特征,揭示其存在的问题,并针对不同的流动特征提出合理的优化策略,为区域农牧系统氮、磷养分的管理提供理论依据。【方法】通过整理1984—2014年统计资料数据和查阅相关文献参数,利用NUFER模型(nutrient flows in food chain,environment and resources use),以东北地区3个省份的农牧系统为研究对象,估算各省域农牧系统中氮、磷养分的流量、损失量,并对各省域氮、磷养分的循环利用情况、损失途径及利用率作出综合评价,探究东北地区氮、磷养分在农牧生产系统中变化趋势及特征。【结果】1984年吉林、辽宁、黑龙江地区农牧系统氮素总输入量分别为669、746、716 Gg;磷素总输入量分别为121、222、169 Gg,至2014年氮素输入量增长至1 899、1 572、2 256 Gg;磷素输入量达到471、393、769 Gg,氮、磷养分的投入量表现为黑龙江>吉林>辽宁。氮素养分损失率吉林地区最高,磷素养分损失率辽宁地区最高。氮、磷养分循环再利用方面,吉林地区的循环利用率最高,辽宁地区最低。近30年,吉林、辽宁、黑龙江地区农田生产系统氮素养分利用率分别下降10%、11%、32%;磷素养分利用率分别下降16%、2%、23%。畜禽生产系统中,氮素养分的利用率分别增加3%、11%、10%,磷素养分利用率分别增加0.8%、1.9%、3.2%。农牧结合生产系统氮素养分利用率分别由1984年的26%、36%、52%降至2014年的13%、21%、22%,整体表现为黑龙江>辽宁>吉林;磷素养分利用率由1984年的25%、25%、31%降至2014年的9%、14%、10%,表现为辽宁>黑龙江>吉林。【结论】1984—2014年,东北地区农牧系统氮、磷养分投入大幅增加,不同省域间表现出明显差异。黑龙江地区的氮、磷养分可利用总量均最高,而氮、磷养分的循环再利用率则表现为吉林地区最高。东北地区农牧结合系统中,黑龙江地区氮素利用率高于其他地区,辽宁地区的磷素利用率高于吉林和黑龙江地区。吉林和辽宁地区的氮、磷养分损失率分别高于其他地区。因此,需要针对不同地区的养分流动特征提出农牧管理方面合理化建议,为东北地区的农牧业可持续发展提供依据。

【Objective】Northeast China is an important commodity grain base and the place of animal husbandry production in China. The mass production of farming and animal husbandry products influences the trend of nutrient flow, and the nutrient flow in different areas exists some differences. To make clear the characteristics of nutrient flow in different areas, and to reveal their problems, the reasonable and optimal strategy for different flow characteristics was put forward, which will provide a theoretical basis for nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient management in regional farming and animal husbandry system.【Method】With statistical data and literatures collection from 1984 to 2014 taking the farming and animal husbandry system in the three provinces of Northeast China as the research object by NUFER model（nutrient flows in food chain, environment and resources use）. The flow and loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the farming and animal husbandry system in each province were estimated. And the comprehensive evaluation of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient utilization, loss path and utilization efficiency in each province was made. The trends and characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus flow in the farming and animal husbandry system were studied.【Result】In 1984, the total nitrogen input of the farming and animal husbandry in Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang area was 669, 746 and 716 Gg, respectively. The total phosphorus input of them was 121, 222 and 169 Gg, respectively. In 2014, the total nitrogen input increased to 1 899, 1 572 and 2 256 Gg; and the phosphorus input reached 471, 393 and 769 Gg in the areas, respectively. The input amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients were as follows： Heilongjiang〉Jilin〉Liaoning. The loss rates of nitrogen nutrition in Jilin area and phosphorus nutrition in Liaoning area were the highest. The recycling rate of nitrogen and phosphorus was the highest in Jilin, and the lowest in Liaoning. In the past 30 years, the nitrogen use efficiency of farm system in Jilin, Liaoning and Heilongjiang decreased by 10%, 11%, and 32%, respectively. The use efficiency of phosphorus decreased by 16%, 2% and 23%, respectively. In the livestock and poultry production system, the utilization of nitrogen nutrient increased by 3%, 11% and 10%, respectively; and the utilization of phosphorus content increased by 0.8%, 1.9% and 3.2%, respectively. Nitrogen use efficiency in farming and animal husbandry system decreased from 26%, 36%, 52% in 1984 to 13%, 21%, 22% in 2014, respectively. The overall trend was Heilongjiang〉Liaoning〉Jilin; phosphorus use efficiency decreased from 25%, 25%, 31% in 1984 to 9%, 14%, 10% in 2014, respectively. The trend was as following： Liaoning〉Heilongjiang〉Jilin.【Conclusion】The input of nitrogen and phosphorus in farming and animal husbandry system in Northeast China increased significantly from 1984 to 2014. There were obvious differences among different areas. The total available nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients were the highest in Heilongjiang, while the recycling efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus was the highest in Jilin. In Northeast China, the efficiency of nitrogen use in Heilongjiang was higher than that in other areas, and the efficiency of phosphorus use in Liaoning was higher than that in Jilin and Heilongjiang. The loss rates of nitrogen and phosphorus in Jilin and Liaoning were higher than those in other areas. Therefore, it is necessary to make reasonable suggestions for the management of farming and animal husbandry according to the characteristics of nutrient flow in different regions, so as to provide a basis for the sustainable development of farming and animal husbandry in Northeast China.