农牧系统氨挥发减排技术研究进展

Review on Ammonia Emission Mitigation Techniques of Crop-Livestock Production System

农牧系统包括种植业和畜牧业两个子体系,畜禽粪便管理是连接两个子系统的重要环节。农牧系统氨挥发主要发生在畜禽饲舍、粪尿储藏、粪尿处理、粪尿和化肥施用等环节。农牧系统氨挥发是大气氨排放的主要源,是中国近年来空气质量恶化的主要因素之一。农田化肥施用和畜牧业"饲喂-饲舍-储藏-处理-施用"各环节的氨挥发减排研究一直是农业和环境领域的研究热点。因此本文总结农牧系统氨挥发减排技术时,考虑了"饲喂-饲舍-储藏-处理-施用"链条的各个环节。过去10多年,欧美国家对于农牧系统氨挥发减排开展了大量的研究,而中国的氨减排技术研究主要针对农田施肥环节,畜禽养殖和粪便管理环节氨挥发减排理论与技术研究刚刚起步。本文综述了国内外关于农牧系统各生产环节主要氨挥发减排技术的减排机理、实施效果和适用范围等,并对今后中国农牧系统氨挥发减排技术研究的主要方向和重点进行了展望,旨在为中国农牧系统氨挥发减排研究提供参考和依据。建议如下:(1)目前的氨挥发减排研究主要关注农牧系统生产过程的特定环节和技术,而缺乏关于全链条综合减排技术研究。建议综合考虑经济效益、氨挥发和温室气体(CH_4和N_2O)协同减排及动物福利等因素,构建中国农牧系统氨挥发综合减排技术体系;(2)中国应大力支持氨挥发减排技术和配套机具的研发,并加强减排技术原理、技术规程和成本效益等研究,推动氨挥发减排技术的推广与应用;(3)建议制定农牧系统氨挥发减排技术的补贴政策,促进农牧业氨挥发减排技术的实施。

Crop-livestock system includes two sub-systems of animal production and soil-crop production. Manure management is the most important part to connect animal production and soil-crop production. Ammonia emission occurred in the chain of livestock housing, manure storage, manure processing and application. Crop-livestock system was the great contributor to ammonia emission in the world, and currently higher ammonia emission made the local air quality worse. Ammonia emission mitigation options in crop production and the whole feeding-livestock housing-storage-processing-application chain of livestock production have been a hot topic for many years. In this study, we consider the whole manure management chain and fertilizer application when the ammonia mitigation techniques are summarized. In the past decades, plenty of ammonia emission mitigation researches have been conducted in America and European countries. Studies on ammonia mitigation technique mainly focused on fertilizer application in China, and the studies on livestock production chain in China just started in recent years. Here, ammonia emission mitigation techniques from the world were comprehensively reviewed in this study. The mitigation mechanisms, effects and feasibilities of the technique were discussed. We also presented further directions and significances of ammonia mitigation research. The suggestions are as follows：（1） The present study on ammonia emission mitigation mainly focus on specific part and single technique of crop-livestock system. However, the integrated mitigation options of the whole chain are lack especially in China. We suggest consider economic factors, gaseous emissions and animal welfare to create a comprehensive ammonia mitigation technique package.（2） China should vigorously support the study of ammonia emission mitigation techniques and related equipment. The studies should include the principles, regulations, costs and benefits analysis of ammonia emission mitigation techniques. Meanwhile it is also important to promote the extensions of ammonia mitigation techniques.（3） It is suggested that the subsidy policy of ammonia mitigation technique should be formulated to promote the mitigation of ammonia emission in crop and animal production.