从晚明生员弃巾管窥知识分子的“异化”

On the Alienation of the Intellectuals Abandoning the Treatment in the Late Ming Dynasty

明朝后期,独立于士阶层之外的生员阶层,放弃来之不易的生员巾服向社会流动,生员在放弃相应特权和身份的同时,也就脱离了仕途经济轨道,直面生计问题。因此,任何能够维持生计的手段都是他们的生存方式,如教授生徒、躬耕读书、游走行医、经营商业以及祝发为僧等。弃巾生员生存方式的多元化,导致其治生观念向"学者以治生为本"转变、价值观念向"士农工商,四业皆本"转变、文化人格的转型及独立型经济人格的形成,为知识分子的"异化"提供了契机和可能。

In the late Ming Dynasty,intellectuals beyond the class gave up the treatment and moved to society. While giving up the corresponding privileges and identities,they were also divorced from the economic track of the official career and faced with the problem of livelihood. As a result,every means that could help them earn a living is their way of living,such as teaching students,farming and reading,practising medicine,doing business and becoming a monk and so on. The diversification of intellectuals＇ existence caused the change of their concept of governance into ＂the governance by the scholars as the basis＂,the concept of value into ＂four industry of scholars,farmers,artisans and merchants＂,the cultural personality and the formation of independent economic personality,which provides an opportunity and possibility for the alienation of the intellectuals.