中国高校教师聘任制:过去、现在与未来

Faculty Appointment System in China:Past,Present and Future

高校教师聘任制是高校内部管理体制中的重要内容。中国高校教师聘任制度始于清末,在一百余年的发展历程中,在不同历史时期形成了不同的特点。然而,现实中的高校教师聘任制依然面临着理论与实践的双重困境。在理论方面存在着教师聘任合同性质不明、教育行政部门干预过多且动力不足和能力有限、教师权益保障机制不完善、根深蒂固的人才单位所有制、高校行政权力泛化而教师话语权式微等问题。在实践方面存在着流于形式、强调短期效应、工作不到位、评价体系不健全、法律法规指导性不强等问题。高校教师聘任制度的未来走向应实现从"单位人"向"社会人",从"人身依附关系"向"劳动关系",从"身份管理"向"岗位管理",从"行政合同"向"劳动合同",从"形式平等"向"实质平等",从"效率至上"向"崇尚学术",从"评聘合一"向"评聘分离",从"以事为本"向"以人为本"等的转变。

Faculty appointment system which begins in the late Qing Dynasty is the major component in the internal management system of higher education institution.In the history of more than one hundred years,faculty appointment system has developed various characteristics in different history phases.However,faculty appointment system is still confronted with predicament both in theory and practice.In theory,there are problems such as ambiguity in contract of teacher employment,excessive intervention from administrative departments of educational affair,fewer inducements for teachers to carry out their work,capacity of teachers falls short of the demand of job,imperfect safeguard system of teachers' rights and interests,rootedness of personal bondage system,excessive apply of universities' administrative power in academic activities and the lack of adequate power for teachers to manage academic affairs etc.In practice,faculty appointment system,which has no sound evaluation system and weak law & regulation guiding etc,becomes a system mere emphasize on formalistic and short-term effect,so it can not work effectively.In the future,faculty appointment system should gradually accomplish transition from'people who belongs to a unit'to'people who works for a unit',from'personal bondage'to'labor relations',from'identity management'to'position management',from'administrative contract'to'labor contract',from'superficial equality'to'actual equality',from'worship of efficiency principle'to'endeavor of academic exploration',from'combination of appointment and evaluation'to'separation of appointment and evaluation',and from'work-oriented system'to'people-oriented system'.