破除“自我”的幻象——简论拉康精神分析学对主体概念的解构

A Deconstruction of the Illusion of Ego——A Brief Discussion on Lacan's Concept of Subjectivity

过去的意识哲学认为"自我"作为主体是理性的,而且能够在与他人、与世界的关系中展开自己的意义,然而这仅仅是从有限的思路来讨论问题,忽视了主体所处的历史文化环境的结构性作用。弗洛伊德的人格结构让"自我"的非理性层面得到一定程度的解释,与之相关的"无意识"和欲望也都与构建人格的"力比多"有关。拉康的精神分析学结合了索绪尔的语言学的分析方法,通过对弗洛伊德关于"无意识"和"欲望"的观点予以重新解释,颠覆了传统的主体"自我"的形象,否定"自我"的建构性与合法性,用一种反讽的方式揭示出一个"异化"的"自我"能指概念,这样的"自我"不仅始终无法满足其对象的欲望,同时也是属于一种语言和文化结构性的无意识的自欺,是一个空洞的幻象。"自我"的本质被潜在地证明为一种不可能。

Previous philosophies of Consciousness hold that Ego,as a subject,is rational and can attain its meaning in the communication with others as well as the world it lives in.However,these arguments are hardly reasonable,ignoring the structural effect of subject’s history and culture.The Freudian structure of psyche somewhat explains Ego in the irrational dimension,in which the unconscious and desire are related to libido,the element constructing personality.The Lacanian psychoanalysis adopts the analytical method of Saussure's structural linguistics to reinterpret Freud’s concepts of the unconsciousness and the desire,subverting the traditional image of Ego,negating the legitimacy of Freudian structure of Ego,and thus ironically demonstrating an alienated Ego as a signifier.This Ego cannot satisfy its own desire,and is an unconscious self-deception both culturally and linguistically.The nature of Ego has been potentially justified as an impossibility.