超级稻晚稻氮磷钾养分需求特征研究

Study on Characteristics of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Demanded in Super Hybrid Late Rice

为提高超级稻晚稻产量和肥料利用效率及指导相应缓/控释肥等新型肥料研发,研究了氮钾养分不同优化运筹技术下超级稻晚稻吸肥特征和土壤供肥特征及晚稻产量和氮磷钾利用效率变化。结果表明,与常规施肥处理相比较,氮钾优化运筹处理均提高了稻谷产量、有效穗数量、千粒质量、氮磷钾利用效率及水稻群体单株干物质累积量和氮磷钾累积量,其中,优1处理(氮钾基追比为基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥=5∶3∶2)的稻谷产量和氮磷钾利用效率最高,其稻谷实际产量、有效穗数量、千粒质量、氮肥利用效率、磷肥利用效率、钾肥利用效率、干物质累积量、氮素累积量、磷素累积量、钾素累积量较常规施肥处理分别依次提高了5.3%,17.3%,3.4%,30.4%,21.2%,28.4%,4.4%,15.0%,4.2%,12.9%,并且,优1处理的土壤碱解氮含量和速效钾含量在晚稻整个生育期内的变幅较其他施肥处理小,变化曲线波动较为平缓,说明其氮钾的利用量和利用效率较其他处理高,氮钾适量适时的供应,也协同促进了晚稻对磷素的吸收,提高了磷素利用效率。前述试验现象均表明该处理的氮钾养分运筹下水稻对氮磷钾养分的吸收特征和相应土壤养分供应特征更吻合超级稻晚稻的养分需求特性。研究结果为超级稻晚稻化肥减施增效及相应缓/控释肥等新型肥料的研发提供了理论依据和实践基础。

In order to improve the yield of fertilizer and the efficiency of fertilizer and guide the research and development of new fertilizer such as slow/controlled release fertilizer,the characteristics of nutrition demanded,rice yield,nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium use efficiency of super hybrid late rice and the characteristics of soil nutrient were studied by adopting optimized operation techniques of nitrogen and potassium combined application. The test results were as follows： Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment,the optimized operation of nitrogen and potassium increased the yield of rice,effective spike number,thousand grain weight,the efficiency of N,P and K,and the accumulation of dry matter and the accumulation of N,P and K per plant in rice canopy,wherein,the grain yield and the utilization efficiency of N,P and K of the dressing ratio of N and K is base fertilizer： tillering fertilizer： panicle fertilizer = 5 ∶ 3 ∶ 2（ the first optimum fertilization model） were the highest,the actual yield of rice,effective spike number,thousand grain weight nitrogen uptake efficiency,phosphorus uptake efficiency,potassium utilization efficiency,dry matter accumulation,nitrogen accumulation,phosphor-us accumulation,potassium accumulation compared with the conventional fertilization treatment were increased by 5. 3%,17. 3%,3. 4%,30. 4%,21. 2%,28. 4%,4. 4%,15. 0%,4. 2% and 12. 9%,in addition,the range of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content and available potassium content in the first optimum fertilization model were gently than those in other fertilization models during the whole growth period of late rice,and the fluctuation curve was more stable,which indicated that the utilization amount and utilization efficiency of nitrogen and potassium were higher than those of other treatments,the timely and proper quantity supply of nitrogen and potassium also promoted the absorption of phosphorus in late rice,and improved the utilization efficiency of phosphorus. The above experimental phenomena all showed that the N,P and K nutrients absorbed by rice under N and K nutrition management and its supply law of soil nutrients is more consistent with the nutrient absorption law of super late rice.The research results have provided theoretical foundation and practical basis not only for super later rice fertilizer reducing and efficacy enhancing,but for the research and development of the corresponding new-type fertilizers such as slow-controlled release fertilizer.