论康德哲学对儒家伦理的救赎

On Kantism's Salvation to Confucian Ethics

两千多年来儒家对乡愿的批判有个一脉相承的特点,即都把乡愿看作是有意骗人,向别人伪装成有德的假象,却没有指出其中"自欺"的心理结构,更没有看出它与一般人格的深层次的联系。与之相反,康德对伪善的批评则是从人性和人格中生来就伴随着的自欺结构入手的。儒家的大部分道德范畴在康德那里都可以保留,但它们的根基应该变成理性和自由意志,而不是那种狭隘的自然情感(孝悌等)。这样一来,儒家的道德观就不再是那种自我纯洁感和自恋,而是包含有彻底的反躬自省成分。儒家伦理在今天日益走入困境,特别是日益暴露出其乡愿的本色,其根本症结在于他们的人性观中缺乏自由意志的深层次根基,因此需要经过一番理性的加工和阐释,而这种加工在康德哲学里面可以找到更多的理论工具和资源。

For more than two thousand years, Confucianism's criticism of hypocrite has the same characteristics. They regard hypocrite as deliberate deception and disguised virtue in front of others, but no one points out the "self-deception" of the psychological structure in hypocrite and does not see the deep-level contact between hypocrite and the general personality. Conversely, Kant's critique of hypocrisy begins with the accompanying self-deception in human nature and personality. Much of the moral category of Confucianism can be preserved in Kant's philosophy, but their roots should be rational and free-will rather than narrow natural sentiments. Thus, Confucian morality ceases to be that kind of self-purity and narcissism, but contains thorough self-examination elements. Today, Confucian ethics is getting into a predicament and exposing the essence of hypocrite day by day. Its fundamental flaw is that the Confucian view of human nature lacks of free will, so that Confucian ethics needs some rational processing and interpretation. In Kant's philosophy, we can find the most theoretical tools and materials.