美国密码技术的出口管制法律制度研究

The Evolution and Enlightenment of US Encryption Export Controls Legal System

密码技术的应用领域广泛,对国家信息安全起着重要的支撑作用,各个国家政府按照政策法律对密码技术的出口管制是必然选择.美国密码出口管制共经历4个阶段,分别是美国早期的密码出口管制、克林顿时期密码出口管制、小布什时期密码出口管制立法以及奥巴马时期密码出口管制.美国20世纪90年代开始密码出口开始逐步放松管制,克林顿执政时期,美国密码出口管制持续放松.2001年发生911事件,保障国家安全占据密码出口管制的主要地位,美国密码出口管制开放步伐由此减缓;2008年的金融危机奥巴马政府实施出口管制改革以刺激出口,密码出口管制是重点改革部分;2015年,美国通过立法加强对网络空间安全物项的管制,为密码出口增加新的限制条件.我国目前执行的是严格的密码出口管制政策,我国应该加紧制定《密码法》及其配套的政策和法规,借鉴美国密码出口管制立法进程影响因素,再考虑到我国目前密码技术水平以及密码出口管制立法水平等因素,制定具有中国特色的密码出口管制政策法规.

The widely used of encryption technology plays an important role in supporting the national security. Therefore,the regulations of encryption export is the inevitable choice in accordance with Encryption Export Controls laws System in different governments. The US Encryption Export Controls laws System has four stages, which are respectively the early America, the Clinton era, George W. Bush administration period and the Obama era. The encryption export control began to appear loosening in 1990 s, the US encryption export controls had gradually loosen in the Clinton era. The network security policy had been the turning point after the Sept. 11,2001,terrorist attacks, The regulation of encryption export is slowed pace.After the 2008 financial crisis, the Obama encryption export control reform to stimulate exports.The US Encryption Export Controls laws System is the key part of the reform of export control. In 2015, The US passed legislation to strengthen the network space safety control items, Adding new constraints for encryption export. China is currently performing a strict encryption export control policy,we should step up the "Cryptography" and its corresponding regulations and policy. We should learn from the America of the Evolution of Encryption Export Controls laws System to reform our laws System. we still want to consider the our national conditions, such as the level of encryption technology and legislative technique. Then, we will set up encryption export control policies and regulations law System with Chinese characteristics.