冷战时期梵蒂冈的外交政策

Vatican's Foreign Policy in the Cold War

梵蒂冈作为一个特殊的国际政治行为体参与了冷战的整个过程。冷战之初,庇护十二世由于坚定的反共态度选择了倾向于西方的立场,外交上也略显僵硬。六七十年代在东西方缓和的大背景下,约翰二十三世和保罗六世开始以开放包容的态度与东欧国家展开对话和沟通,致力于追求超越东西方阵营的独立而灵活的外交政策。1978年,波兰克拉科夫主教沃伊蒂瓦当选教皇,在波兰团结工会运动以及冷战的和平结束中发挥了重要作用。梵蒂冈本身的特殊性决定了它往往同时具有意识形态和现实政治的双重诉求,其外交政策体现了宗教性与世俗性的融合,并受到教宗个人意识形态、性格以及国际大环境的影响。

Vatican was involved in the Cold War as a special international actor. In the beginning, Pope Pius Ⅻ chose pro-western foreign policy due to his stubborn anti-communism stand. After Pius Ⅻ＇s death in1958, the new Pope John ⅩⅫI adopted open dialogues with the Soviet Union and Eastern European states,marking the start of Vatican＇s Ostpolitik. Pope Paul Ⅵ inherited this policy and Cardinal Agostino Casaroli carried out a series of negotiations to improve relations with Eastern European states. During the last period of the Cold War, Pope Paul Ⅱ played an active role in Polish Solidarity Movement through his visit in 1979.Vatican is a small sovereign state and the head of the largest and most centralized religious organization in the world, whose particularity decides it has both ideological and realistic foreign goals, and its diplomacy in the Cold War was shaped both by the belief of the Pope and by international environment.