军社之祀与《诗经》军征之诗的生成语境

Sacrifice to Troop Shrine and the Context of Expedition Poems in the Book of Songs

出征宜社、战后报社、田猎献禽于社是两周军事行动中的祀社仪式,意在获得社主的护佑,能够保卫疆域不失。宜社受脤,表明将士受国之托,戮力报国;若不用命则戮于社。战后告社,胜则凯乐以奏,败则祓社以哭。田猎献禽,是以猎物血牲于方社,以祭祀社稷山川;同时烹庖于宗庙,以祭祀先公先祖。《诗经》中诸多军征之诗,当为军社祭祀之辞。

In Zhou dynasty, fete of troop shrine is an important ceremony before an expedition, after a war or after a hunting harvest, the purpose of which is to seek the protection of the shrine and to defend the territory. Fete for expedition means that soldiers will serve the country worthily or will be killed in shrine if he will not exert all his effort. Postwar Fete is either celebration for victory or lamentation for defeat. Fete for hunting is to present prey to the shrine respectfully as sacrifice to the soil and to ancestors. So quite a number of poems in the Book of Songs were originally used for sacrifice to troop shrine.