黑格尔哲学对犹太教的批判及其影响

Hegelian Philosophy's Criticism to Judaism and Its Impact

黑格尔受到康德理性主义和反经验主义思想的影响,从精神哲学和审美文化的角度对犹太教律法和仪式进行了批判,认为其缺乏精神价值。不过,黑格尔后期的历史哲学和辩证法缓解了康德哲学毫不妥协的反犹太教立场,认为犹太教是一种"精神个性宗教",肯定了其在精神宗教发展过程中的积极作用。但黑格尔对犹太教前景持悲观态度,他坚持认为,犹太教是由自然历史走向绝对精神历史进程中一个逝去的阶段,它无法掌控历史进程,实现绝对精神的目标。在犹太人解放问题上,黑格尔赞同赋予犹太人以完全的公民权,认为这样犹太人和犹太教自然会受到主流精神和哲学的影响与改造,并最终丧失其历史特征,融入到绝对精神的洪流之中。客观上看,黑格尔的精神进化思想为犹太教改革提供了新的观念基础。

Influenced by Kant's rationalism and anti-empiricism position,Hegel criticized Jewish laws and rituals from spiritual philosophy and aesthetic culture,and thought that they lack spiritual value.However,Hegel's later historical philosophy and dialectic alleviated the uncompromising anti-Jewish stance of Kant's philosophy,considered Judaism as a religion of spiritual individuality,and recognized that Judaism played an active role in the process of spiritual religion evolution.But Hegel expressed a pessimistic attitude toward the future of Judaism.He insisted that Judaism is a passed period in the process from natural history to the history of absolute spirit,and it could not control the historical process and achieve the goal of absolute spirit.Hegel agreed to give full citizenship to Jews and thought in this way,the Jews and Judaism would be influenced and transformed by mainstream spirit and philosophy naturally,and would eventually lost its historical features and be integrated into the history of absolute spirit.Speaking objectively,Hegel's idea of spiritual evolution provided a new conceptual foundation on the reform of Judaism.