中国传统国家理论的奠基——先秦诸子的国家学说

The Origin of Chinese Ancient State Theory: The State Theories of Different Scholars in Pre-Qin Period

春秋战国时期,"国""邦""国家""宗庙""社稷""天下"都是指代国家的语词,只是内涵各有侧重。先秦诸子的国家学说,主要围绕国家起源及其存在的必要性、国家权力的横向与纵向配置、国家的职能与国家存在的目的等核心问题展开。除老庄一系道家外,儒、法、墨等主要流派对上述问题的认识表现出高度的一致性。尽管论述思路、求证方法有明显差别,对国家存在目的的认识,也存在国家主义(法家)和全民目的论(儒家)的分歧,但各流派都认为国家存在的根由是"治"的需要,都主张国家权力的配置应选择"集权"模式,都认为国家理应掌控或垄断稀缺资源,全面掌控经济、社会和文化等活动。先秦诸子的上述思想活动奠定了中国古代国家理论的基本框架、运思方向和价值偏好,是近代以来中国现代化和政治发展必须面对的重要遗产。

During Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period"Nation","County","State","Ancestral Temple","Gods of Land and Gain","Tianxia"all were words which indicated to state but had different emphases.The state theories of different scholars in Pre-Qin Period almost focused on the origin and necessity of state,vertical and horizontal settings of state power,and the functions and purposes of state.Except Taoist School of Lao-tzu and Zhuangzi,the Confucian,Legalist and Mohist Schools had highly cognitive consistency on the themes above.Though they had vivid differences about the train of thought,the methods of certification and had disagreements on purposes of state,i.e.nationalism vs.Teleology of Whole People,they all thought the existence of state because of necessary governance,all claimed concentration model of power settings,all held state should grasp or monopolize rare resources and should totally control economical,social and cultural activities.Their thoughts above established the basic framework,thinking orientation and value preferences of Chinese ancient theory of state,become an important heritage which Chinese modernization and political development must face.