魏玛共和国社会福利住房政策的演变(1918-1931)

The Evolution of Social Welfare Housing Policy in the Weimar Republic (1918-1931)

魏玛共和国诞生了德国历史上的首个国家住房政策体系,并由宪法确立了它的社会福利属性。尽管它对德国住房市场的影响力经历中断,但其核心理念却延续至今。本文以政策发展的时间线索入手梳理魏玛共和国政策在1918至1931年的演变过程,揭示其从应对一战导致的特种住房短缺的克服机制向保障大众居住权的社会福利政策转变背后的理论来源、社会现实与政治诉求,并从魏玛共和国特殊国情及住房政策本身制度缺陷出发,分析其最终走向失败的原因。

The first state housing policy in German history, whose welfare function was recognized by the Constitution, was brought up in the Weimar Republic. Although the housing policy was suspended, its core idea was inherited and has lasted till now. By exploring the evolution of the Weimar policy from 1918 to 1931,this article reveals the theoretical sources, social reality and political appeals behind the policies. During this period, the policy transformed from a mechanism simply to deal with the specific housing shortage during World War I to a social welfare policy which aimed to protect the rights of habitation for all Germans. In addition, the article analyzes the reasons of its failure by investigating the special reality of the Weimar Republic and the defect of the policy per se.