从《白鹿原》看乡村社会的道德迷局与出路

On the Moral Puzzles and Outlet of Rural Society from White Deer Plain

深刻认识传统乡村社会的道德迷局,精准定位现代乡村社会的道德出路,是推进乡村伦理现代化、加速农业现代化的必要前提。《白鹿原》在揭示中国传统乡村社会历史变迁的同时,提出并部分破解了关于乡村道德生活的四大迷局。第一个是目的论迷局,我们到底是为了什么而活着?成熟的乡村理性已经破解了这个迷局,确定的答案为生命优先、长远利益优先原则。第二个是价值论迷局,我们到底是为了谁而活着?乡村社会部分破解了这个迷局:以家庭、家族和民族大"我"抑制个人小"我",但未能具备真正的世界眼光、全球情怀。第三个是生活观迷局,真正的道德建立在日常生活基础之上还是超越于日常生活?传统乡村社会陷入了圣人道德与凡人道德二元分离对立的幻境,迷局的破解有待劳作与智识的高度合一。第四个迷局是道德观迷局,道德是永恒不变的还是随机而动的?传统乡村社会陷入了道德绝对主义的泥潭,迷局的破解有待农村经济生活方式的根本性变化。

It is necessary to advance the agricuhural modernization by understanding the moral puzzle of traditi partially onal rural society and the moral way of modern rural society. White Deer Plain put forward and cracked four moral puzzles in the traditional Chinese rural social. The first puzzle is a teleological problem of what we live for？ The reasonable answer from the mature rural rationality is the principle of life priority and long - term interest priority. The second puzzle is a values problem of which we live for？ Rural society has found families, clan and nation, but not human beings and the world. The third puzzle is that the basis of moral is on the daily life or beyond the daily life？ The separation of knowledge and labor leads to the dilemma of the binary separation of sage morality and mortal morality in the traditional rural society. The fourth puzzle is that morality is eternal or random？ The invariance of lifestyle leads to the inability of traditional rural society to recognize the history of morality.