不同地膜对土壤水热状况和冬小麦植株氮素的影响

Effects of Different Mulch Films on Soil Hydrothermal Regimes and the Plant Nitrogen Accumulation and Translocation of Winter Wheat

地膜覆盖是一种现代农业生产技术,不同颜色、不同材料地膜对冬小麦的影响却不尽相同。比较不同地膜对小麦生长发育的影响,以期探寻更为有效的覆膜技术。试验于2014-2015、2015-2016年在西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室试验站进行,以小偃22号为供试品种,对比研究起垄不覆盖(CK)、垄覆普通膜(P)、垄覆降解膜(J)、垄覆黑膜(H)对大田土壤水热状况、水分利用效率和冬小麦生长后期植株氮素积累和转运的影响。2014-2015年P、J、H处理0~100 cm平均土壤含水量分别较处理CK提高8.94%、7.56%、9.54%,2015-2016年分别较处理CK提高7.15%、4.28%、9.46%,覆膜处理的保墒效果显著优于CK对照(P<0.05);2014-2015年P、J、H处理的0~25 cm土层平均土壤温度分别较处理CK提高9.53%、8.14%、3.16%,2015-2016年分别较处理CK提高10.21%、8.37%、3.47%;小麦生长后期垄覆黑膜(H)氮素的积累转运量高于垄覆普通膜(P)和垄覆降解膜(J),普通膜和降解膜之间无显著差异(P>0.05);P、J、H处理2a的平均产量和平均水分利用效率分别较CK提高16.22%、16.63%、24.90%和46.57%、45.05%、61.08%。降解膜和普通膜的增温保墒效果相当,黑膜保墒效果最好,增温效果并不显著,垄覆黑膜可有效促进冬小麦生长后期氮素的积累转运,节水增产效果最优。

Different color and material films have various effects on the growth and development of winter wheat. The purpose of this study is to compare the influences of different mulch films on winter wheat and to explore a more effective film coating technology. This experiment was conducted during 2014 to 2015 and 2015 to 2016 at Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas,Ministry of Education,Northwest AF University. With Xiaoyan 22 as the experimental materials,4 treatments（ CK： ridge-furrow planting without mulching over ridge; P： ridge-furrow planting with ordinary transparent film mulching over ridge; J： ridge-furrow planting with degradable film over ridge; H： ridge-furrow planting with black film over ridge） were choose to investigate the effects of different mulch films on soil hydrothermal regimes,water use efficiency and the plant nitrogen accumulation and translocation of winter wheat. The results show that the average soil water storage at 0 ~ 100 cm of entire growth period under P,J,K is increased by 8. 94%,7. 56%,9. 54% than CK respectively in 2014 to 2015 and was increased by 7.15%,4.28%,9.46% than CK,respectively,in 2015 to 2016; the preservation of soil moisture effects in the film-covered field is significantly better than that in the no-film-covered field（ P 0. 05）; the average soil temperature at 0 to 25 cm under P,J,K is increased by 9.53%,8.14%,3.16%,respectively,than CK in 2014 to 2015 and is increased by10.21%,8.37%,3.47%,respectively,than CK in 2015 to 2016; during the later period of wheat growth,the amount of plant nitrogen accumulation and translocation of black film is higher than ordinary film and degradable film,no significant difference is observed between ordinary film and degradable film（ P〉0.05）; the average yield and water use efficiency in two years under P,J,K is increased by 37.86%,38.21%,48.46% and 46.57%,45.05%,61.08%,respectively,than CK. It can be concluded that the effects of increasing soil temperature and soil moisture preservation between ordinary film and degradable film are similar; the black film shows a better preservation of soil moisture effects but has no significant effects on increasing soil temperature,it can effectively increase the amount of plant nitrogen accumulation and translocation in the later period of wheat growth and has better effects on saving water and increasing yield.