安全和发展之间:核能法律规制的美国经验及其启示

Between Safety and Development U.S. Experience of Legal Regulation on Nuclear Energy and its Implications

协调核能发展和安全的关系是核能法律规制的核心议题。美国采用了行政规制和责任约束相结合的法律规制路径。在行政规制方面,美国建立了独立的核规制委员会,核规制委员会将"安全"界定为"可接受的风险"来体现对公众的充分保护,并通过改革许可程序和革新监督执法模式来提高安全规制效率,降低企业合规成本。在责任约束方面,通过限定企业赔偿数额并建立多层级的责任保险机制,美国致力于实现保护公众权益和保护核能产业的双重目标。美国核能法律规制的理念和我国国家核安全观的内涵具有相似性,其经验对我国明确核立法目的定位、完善核能监管组织体系、确立总体核安全目标、优化核安全监管手段以及完善核损害赔偿机制具有启发和借鉴价值。

Balancing nuclear development and nuclear safety is the core issue of nuclear energy legal regulation. U.S. adopted a regulatory path which combines of administrative regulation and liability regime. In the respect of the administrative regulation, U.S. established Nuclear Regulatory Commission as an independent regulatory agency. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defined ＂safety＇as ＂acceptable risk＂ to provide adequate protection to the public, enhanced its safety regulation efficiency while at the same time reduced corporate compliance burden by reforming the licensing procedure and innovating the supervision means. In the respect of liability rules, U.S. limited corporate liability amounts and estab- lished a multi--level liability insurance mechanism to achieve the dual goal of protecting public rights and facilitating nuclear industry. The philosophy of U.S. nuclear energy regulation is similar to the connota- tion of China＇s National Nuclear Safety Concept, and its experience can be learned for China to clarify the purpose of nuclear legislation, improve the nuclear energy regulatory system, establish an overall nuclear safety objective, optimize nuclear supervision mechanisms and improve the nuclear damage compensation regime.