虚实含义与针刺补泻理论内涵之演变

Development of the connotation of deficiency and excess and acupuncture reinforcing and reducing theory

《内经》针刺补泻调虚实有多种含义:调阴阳之盛衰、调血气之有无、调正虚与邪实、调证候之虚实等,此时"虚实"所指多与补泻对象相关联,包括有形之瘀血、脓水等,也包括无形之气。但自《难经》以后"虚实"多指疾病的症状表现,针刺补泻作用统一为调气,从而使针刺补泻内涵产生了明显变化,也不断丰富和发展了多种复杂的针刺补泻手法。虚实含义的转变、对针刺调气的重视使针刺补泻理论与方法均发生了重要变化,这也直接体现了我国古代气一元论哲学思想对针灸学的深刻影响。

There are connotations on regulating deficiency and excess by acupuncture reinforcing and reducing in Neijing（the Internal Canon of Medicine）, including regulating yin and yang, regulating blood and qi, regulating weakened body resistance and state of evil domination, regulating the deficiency and excess of syndrome. The deficiency and excess usually mean the objects received reinforcing and reducing, such as tangible blood stasis, pus, water, etc, and invisible qi. The deficiency and excess had always mean the symptoms of diseases since Nanjing（Classic of Questioning）, and the reinforcing and reducing of acupuncture was regulating qi. Therefore the connotations of reinforcing and reducing of acupuncture changed and there were complex acupuncture reinforcing and reducing manipulations. The various deficiency and excess connotations and stressing on acupuncture regulating qi made important changes for the theories and methods of acupuncture reinforcing and reducing which showed the profound impacts of the philosophical thought of qi monism in ancient China on acupuncture and moxibustion science.