宋代吏人的文化水平与政府运转

The Educational Level and Government Operation of Clerical Officials in the Song Dynasty

北宋末期全国约有90余万吏人,若以十分之五的识字率统计则有40余万。这是宋代数量最大的识字群体,代表着宋代官方治理的实际水平。中央政府的吏人必须通过严格的文化考试,对在职吏人也毫不放松文化水平的检测。重要岗位吏人的专业水平,不仅有利于执行国家政策,还能上升为政治制度。部分胥吏甚至达到科举及第的水平,跻身于官员队伍。宋室南渡之初,没有成文的典章制度可以遵循,基本依靠老吏记忆旧事,才能延续赵宋体制。地方政府吏人的主要工作也是负责文案,不少地方官员还要向他们学习实用的官场规则和公文知识。在州县与民众之间全靠乡村吏人,联系方式主要是文牍往还。常规性的家庭财产登记都是由书手、承帖人等基层人员完成,负责编造、管理租税征收的各种文书。挨家挨户催收税赋的税吏也要达到识字、计账的水平。有的人家送子弟入州县学校读书,目的是为了充当差役。宋代大部分吏人拥有一定的文化素质,这是维护政府运转的基本保障,也是士大夫阶层之外更为实用的知识阶层。

In the end of the Northern Song Dynasty,there were about more than 90 million clerical officials,and if the literacy rate of is five tenths,there would be about more than 400,000 clerical officials.They were the largest literary groups in Song Dynasty,and their cultural level represented the actual level of official governance in Song Dynasty.People must pass a rigorous cultural examination when the court recruits petty officials,so did the working officials for whom the court did not relax the cultural level testing.The professional cultural intelligence of clerical officials in important positions not only were the implementation and operation system,but also could be sublimated into a national policy system.Some officialscultural level has reached the level of imperial examination and ranked among the officials.There was no written rules and regulations in the early days of the song court fleeing south,the system of the Song Dynasty could only be continued relying on the old officialsmemories.Local officials were mainly responsible for the copywriter,and many local officials also learned practical official and official document knowledge from them.The contacts between the county government and the public totally relied on village officials mainly by official documents and correspondence.The regular family property registration has been done by the basic unit officials,and scribes and the secretaries were rural permanent staffs who were responsible for compiling and managing various documents of levy taxes.Whats more/Thus,tax collectors who took charge of tax collection door-to-door also needed to become literate.That some people sent their children into the county school was to let them serve as runners later.Most of the officials in Song Dynasty had a certain cultural quality,which was the basic guarantee for maintaining the governments operation.They were another lower-ranking but more practical and specific intellectual class than the literati-official class.