河南上蔡方言的及比句

Comparative Sentences with attaining meaning in Henan Shangcai Dialect

及比句是表示比较主体在比较参量上达到或略微超出比较基准的比较结构,"达到或略微超出"两种意义融合成一个整体,不同于平比、极比和差比的切分方式,是一种意义较为独特的比较类型,主要分布于东北亚。河南上蔡方言的及比句使用频率较高,其及比标记有"撵上""赶上""朝(住)""聑[thi53](住)""扛(住)""抵(住)""顶(住)"等,数量繁多且富有特色,形成了一个显赫的语法语义范畴。这些比较标记的语源义有达到、抗衡和贴近三种,可以追溯到中古汉语;其语法结构形式可以追溯到上古和中古的差比句。汉语方言及比标记词以上蔡为最多,周边县市依次减少,外省仅见于山东、山西和四川。

Comparative sentence with attaining meaning is a comparative structure in which the comparative subject attains or slightly exceeds the comparison level in comparative parameter.And the attaining meaning and the slightly exceeding meaning are merged into a whole.This structure is different from equal,superlative and differential comparative structures,which is a comparative type with special meaning,and it is mainly distributed in Northeast Asia.Comparative sentence with attaining meaning is frequently used in Shangcai dialect,hence its markers are numerous and of characteristics,such as＂nianshang（撵上）＂＂ganshang（赶上）＂＂chaozhu（朝住）＂＂tiezhu（聑住）＂＂kangzhu（扛住）＂＂dizhu（抵住）＂＂dingzhu（顶住）＂and so on,which form a prominent syntactic and semantic category.These comparative markers have three kinds of etymological meanings,namely,attaining,countervailing,and approaching,which can be traced back to the medieval Chinese.The syntactic structure of this sentence can be traced back to differential comparative sentence in the ancient and mediaeval Chinese.Shangcai dialect has the most extensive number of comparative markers of Chinese dialects and the number of them decreases successively in surrounding counties and cities.For other provinces,such marks can only be observed in Shandong,Shanxi and Sichuan province.