试论陶器生活遗存所见西汉铁器手工业作坊的性质——以邰城铸铁作坊为案例

A Reconstruction of the Organization of an Iron workshops Based on the Analysis of Ceramic Assemblage: A Case Study of Taicheng Ironworks

汉代铁器手工业的组织形式,一直以来讨论较多,却未有定论。本文提出,手工业作坊出土的陶容器的组合,有助于讨论作坊工匠的居住与组织形式,提供解决上述问题的线索。本文以陕西邰城铸铁作坊为案例,首先利用类型学建立分期框架,探讨作坊可能的运营持续时间。经统计分析,本文发现邰城作坊中炊煮陶容器的比例甚少。这一现象在西汉时期其他县级手工业作坊中相对普遍,但与战国时期作坊工匠居住于作坊范围内的情况不同,进而提出这一现象可能与工匠的居住和工作模式密切相关。本文指出,作坊出土的陶容器组合情况表明工匠可能不在作坊区内长期生活;铸铁作坊中工匠的身份可能也为雇佣工人,家庭式手工业作坊生产者的可能性不高。

The organization of the Han iron industry is a long-debated issue. Yet, very few conclusions have arrived due to the lack of archaeological or textual evidence. This paper argues that a fine-grained analysis of ceramic assemblages from an iron workshop site can contribute significantly to the reconstruction of production organization, especially in terms of the duration and social lives of workers. Using remains excavated from Taicheng ironworks in Shaanxi as an illustration, this paper first establishes the chronology for the site based on a typological study in order to explore the potential duration time. Through statistical analysis, this paper suggests that types of cooking and serving vessels in the assemblage are particularly limited. Moreover, similar phenomenon was identified at other production sites in county-level settlements during the Han period. Nonetheless, the ceramic assemblages are distinctively different from those identified at production sites dating to the Warring States period. The authors propose that the limited types and numbers of cooking as well as serving vessels might have been related to a fact that workers at the site were full-time specialists but did not dwell within the production site in a full-day manner. This dwelling pattern may be related to the model of full-time, factory-like production organization. Thus, this paper suggests workers might have been waged labor rather than household-production members.