寻找公平的决策权分配方案——当代规范政治理论从平等到公平导向的转型

Seeking Fair Solution to Distribution of Decision-making Power——Transition of Contemporary Normative Political Theory from Equality to Fairness

政治是围绕决策权的分配所展开的各种活动。政治理论的任务则是要解决两大问题。第一,谁应当拥有决策权力;第二,谁应当拥有多少决策权力。近代政治理论提供了一种平等的决策权分配方案,任何人只要被承认了一个国家的公民身份,就获得了决策权力,而且是与其他所有拥有公民身份的人完全相同的决策权力。但随着国际联系的加深与外部性的普遍化,这种公民身份民主已无力解决许多政治冲突,当代政治理论开始了寻找公平的决策权分配方案的努力,并提出了一种比例原则,要求将所有利害关系人纳入决策,并根据每一利害关系人的利害程度来分配决策权力。这种利害关系人民主为解决当前的许多政治冲突提供了一种新的思路。

Politics involves a variety of activities around the distribution of decision-making power. The task of politi- cal theory is to solve two major problems. First, who should have the decision-making power; second, who should have the appropriate amount of power in decision-making. Modern political theory provides an equality-based distribution plan for de- cision-making power. Anyone who has been recognized as a citizen of a country gains decision-making power, and has the same amount of decision-making power as all the other people with the same citizenship. However, with the deepening of international connections and the universality of externalities, this kind of citizenship-based democracy has been unable to solve many political conflicts. Contemporary political theory has begun efforts to find a fair distribution plan for decision- making power, and proposed a principle of proportionality that integrates all stakeholders in the decision-making process and allocate decision-making authority based on the degree of interest for each stakeholder. Such stakeholder-based democ- racy has provided a new way of thinking for resolving many current political conflicts.