扩散进程中的规范演化:1945年以后的航行自由规范

Norm Evolution in the Process of Diffusion:the Norm of Freedom of Navigation since 1945

国际关系理论中的一个主流倾向是将规范的扩散与演化割裂开来加以研究,这使得扩散进程中的规范演化长期处于被忽视的境地。通过引入议题身份概念,突出行为体能动性,可以对这一问题做出系统性解释。规范在扩散进程中的演化依赖于两个条件,行为体的认知偏好差异及其敏感性。议题身份决定了行为体的认知偏好与利益界定,认知偏好差异导致了对规范的差异性解读,而对规范变化引起的利益界定调整的高度敏感性则促使认知差异转变为认知竞争。扩散进程中的规范演化是通过行为体在双向说服过程中不断调整认知结构实现的,认知结构的妥协层次决定了规范的扩散—演化结果。1945年以后,海洋强国在推动传统航行自由规范向全球范围扩散时与第三世界国家基于主权规范确立起的认知发生了冲突,经过长期的双向说服并达成妥协之后规范实现了扩散,但是已然由倡导最大自由的强规范转变为有限度自由的弱规范。

In mainstream international relations theories,it is conventional to separate norm diffusion from norm evolution,and the consequence is the long-time neglect of norm evolution in the process of norm diffusion.This article introduces the concept of issue identity and highlights the agency of actors in order to provide a systematic explanation of the above question.Norm evolution in the process of norm diffusion hinges upon two conditions:differences of actors’cognitive preferences and sensitivities to new norms.Issue identity determines actors’cognitive preferences and definition of interests;differences of cognitive preferences lead to divergent understandings of norms.And the high degree of sensitivity to the change of norms and the subsequent adjustment of interests definition would transform cognitive differences to cognitive competition.Norm evolution in the process of norm diffusion takes place as actors engage in two-way persuasion and constantly adjust their cognitive structure.The result of norm diffusion-evolution is determined by where compromise is reached in terms of cognitive structure.After 1945,when maritime powers attempted to push for the global diffusion of the norm of freedom of navigation,they were confronted by the norm of sovereignty upheld by the developing countries.After the two sides conducted long-drawn two-way persuasion and reached a compromise,norm diffusion materialized,but the norm itself had changed from a strong one aiming at maximum freedom to a weak one with only limited freedom.